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动机的概念

Motivation is a word used to refer to the reason or reasons for engaging in a

particular behavior, especially human behavior as studied in psychology and

neuropsychology. These reasons may include basic needs such as food or a desired

object, goal, state of being, or ideal. The motivation for a behavior may also

be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism or morality. Motivation

refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of human

behavior.

动机的类型

In knowledge-sharing communities and organizations, people often cite

altruistic reasons for their participation, including contributing to a common

good, a moral obligation to the group, mentorship or “giving back”. In work

environments, money may provide a more powerful extrinsic factor than the

intrinsic motivation provided by an enjoyable workplace.

The most obvious form of motivation is coercion, where the avoidance of pain

or other negative consequences has an immediate effect. Extreme use of coercion

is considered slavery. While coercion is considered morally reprehensible in

many philosophies, it is widely practiced on prisoners, students in mandatory

schooling, within the nuclear family unit (on children), and in the form of

conscription. Critics of modern capitalism charge that without social safety

networks, wage slavery is inevitable. However, many capitalists such as Ayn Rand

have been very vocal against coercion. Successful coercion sometimes can take

priority over other types of motivation. Self-coercion is rarely substantially

negative (typically only negative in the sense that it avoids a positive, such

as forgoing an expensive dinner or a period of relaxation), however, it is

interesting in that it illustrates how lower levels of motivation may be

sometimes tweaked to satisfy higher ones.

动力的减弱

There are a number of drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of

the concept that we have certain biological needs, such as hunger. As time

passes, the strength of the drive increases as it is not satisfied. Then as we

satisfy that drive by fulfilling its desire, such as eating, the drive‟s

strength is reduced. It is based on the theories of Freud and the idea of

feedback control systems, such as a thermostat.

There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of the Drive

Reduction Theory open

for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how Secondary

Reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money does not satisfy any biological or

psychological need but reduces drive on a regular basis through a pay check

second-order conditioning. Secondly, if the drive reduction theory held true we

would not be able to explain how a hungry human being can prepare a meal without

eating the food before they finished cooking it.

内在驱动和外在刺激

Drives and desires can be described as a deficiency or need that activates

behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive. These are thought to originate

within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the

behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which

motivates a person to seek food; whereas more subtle drives might be the desire

for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing

to others.

By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be seen in the

example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform a trick

correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick consistently,

even later when the treat is removed from the process.