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古埃及和希腊的社会结构与艺术形式

Although early Greek sculpture highly resembled Egyptian cult statues,

distinct differences in design made Greek sculpture remarkably unique, and in

consequence showed a major difference in the Greek social structure, and their

view of man. The first and probably most important difference of the Greek

sculptural design was that the figures were mainly shown as nude. This variation

on the basic Egyptian sculpture shows a definite separation from the rigid class

system of Egypt. By removing clothes from the human figure, the pure and true

identity of the subject is revealed. The subject is no longer seen as a product

of society, but as a creation of nature. This view of man was further explored

as Greek thought continued to progress. This progress is best shown by examining

the change in style from the Kouros, form Attica to the Kritios Boy, from

Acropolis. The Kouros showed a definite attempt to reveal the true human form.

Although the sculpture put great effort into portraying the real muscle and bone

structure of the subject, he still uses the transcendental stare that was so

popular in Egyptian relief.

For the first time in

ancient art, the figure is no longer looking or walking straight ahead. His head

and shoulders are shifted to one side while his hips are shifted to the opposite

side, and his weight is placed on one leg. This was the most advanced and

realistic portrait of a human figure in the history of ancient art, and is a

direct reflection of the Greek interest in the true nature of man. The changes

in art from the beginning of Egyptian civilization to the early stages of Greek

civilization reflect the evolution of human thought and social structure. The

Egyptian art of the Old Kingdom portrayed a ridged and powerful Theocracy that

gave little room for personal interpretation of art. In the Middle Kingdom

Akhenaton lead the first artistic revolution by introducing a new religious

system. But after his death, religion and art both returned to the traditional

style of the Old Kingdom. The Greeks, however, took on a new view of the heavens

in which they put less emphasis on the Gods and more emphasis on the human

spirit. This new belief system allowed the Greeks to break away from a rigid

social structure and explore the human form in its most pure state.

希腊文明与艺术形式

Greek civilization placed much more importance on individuals, rather than on

a single king or God. Greece was broken up into City States and ruled by a

number of politicians, much like our present concept of democracy. The religion

of the time was polytheistic, but because of the separation of the City States,

it never developed the structure of the proceeding Egyptian religion. The Greeks

used their religion to illuminate their own lives, rather than to give them

divine guidance. They turned to art and literature, rather than prayer, as a

means of trying to discover themselves. This emphasis on self spawned new

beliefs about man’s order in the universe. Contrary to Egyptian beliefs, the

Greeks did not see their Gods as the center universe, and believed that they as

humans had some control over their own destiny. The freedom to explore the self

allowed the Greeks to make advances in mathematics, philosophy, and art. The

advances in philosophy and mathematics had direct influence on the art of the

time. This is first seen in the Protogeometric and Geometric art of the first

three centuries of Greek civilizations. These unique styles show a meticulous

order and precision that was not seen in any proceeding period. As the dominant

style changed from Protogeometric to Geometric, this order and precision was

amplified. The popular circle and semicircle patterns were replaced by linear

designs, zigzags, triangles, diamonds, and meanders. The increased interest in

order seems to have been a reflection of the Greek fascination with nature, and

man’s relationship to nature. This interest in the order of nature eventually

evolved into a fascination with the human form and the idea of human

perfection.

艺术评论

Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of visual art. Art critics

usually criticize art in the context of aesthetics or the theory of beauty. One

of criticism’s goals is the pursuit of a rational basis for art

appreciation.

The variety of artistic movements has resulted in a division of art criticism

into different disciplines, each using vastly different criteria for their

judgments. The most common division in the field of criticism is between

historical criticism and evaluation, a form of art history, and contemporary

criticism of work by living artists.