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权力分析和实施

Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak

of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all

relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns

itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal,

stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyze relationships

in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of

constraint rather than of power. Thus “power” has a connotation of

unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in

terms of “power”, and its meaning would be lost.

One can sometimes distinguish primary power: the direct and personal use of

force for coercion; and secondary power, which may involve the threat of force

or social constraint, most likely involving third-party exercisers of delegated

power.

权力来源

Power may be held through:

1. Delegated authority (for example in the democratic process)

2. Social class

3. Personal or group charisma

4. Ascribed power (acting on perceived or assumed abilities, whether these

bear testing or not)

5. Expertise (ability, Skills) (the power of medicine to bring about health;

another famous example would be “in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is

king” —Desiderius Erasmus)

权力六大基础之一： 合法权、 参考权、 专家权

Social psychologists French and Raven, in a now-classic study, developed a

schema of five categories of power which reflected the different bases or

resources that power holders rely upon. One additional base (informational) was

later added.

Legitimate Power:

Legitimate Power refers to power of an individual because of the relative

position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization.

Legitimate Power is formal authority delegated

to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various

attributes of power such as uniforms, offices etc. This is the most obvious and

also the most important kind of power.

Referent Power:

Referent Power means the power or ability of individuals to attract others

and build loyalty. It’s based on the charisma and interpersonal skills of the

power holder. Here the person under power desires to identify with these

personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower.

Nationalism or Patriotism counts towards an intangible sort of referent power as

well. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country.

This is the second least obvious power, but the most effective.

权力六大基础之二： 信息权、 报酬权、 强制权

Information Power:

While the difference between expert power and information power is subtle,

people with this type of power are well-informed, up-to-date and also have the

ability to persuade others. Another difference would be that people with Expert

Power are perceived by his/her image of expertise to show credibility (i.e. a

qualified doctor in a doctor uniform), while one with Information Power does not

have a strict need to “look the part of a professional”, but they must keep up

to date with new research, and have confidence in debating, or are

persuasive.

Reward Power:

Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to confer valued

material rewards; it refers to the degree to which the individual can give

others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts,

promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also

ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or be

reprimanded for being too forthcoming or “moving things too quickly”.