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政府和政治

A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory,

having an organized government, and possessing internal and external

sovereignty. Recognition of the state‟s claim to independence by other states,

enabling it to enter into international agreements, is often important to the

establishment of its statehood. The “state” can also be defined in terms of

domestic conditions, specifically, as conceptualized by Max Weber, “a state is a

human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the „legitimate‟ use

of physical force within a given territory.”

Government can be defined as the political means of creating and enforcing

laws, typically via a bureaucratic hierarchy.

Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. Although

the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is also

observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and

religious institutions. Many different political systems exist, as do many

different ways of understanding them, and many definitions overlap. The most

common form of government worldwide is a republic; however, other examples

include monarchy, social democracy, military dictatorship and theocracy.

All of these issues have a direct relationship with economics.

政府的作用

Government is in a unique position to bring enough resources to bear on a

social problem when needed, and to “insure” across the entire society against

disasters and personal need. Disaster relief is appropriately the concern of

government, rushing resources into areas hit by tornadoes, hurricanes, and

earthquakes. There is still an immediate and limited role for private

philanthropy through organizations such as the American Red Cross, but the

fundamental role of relief and reconstruction is best handled by governments.

Government, put bluntly, is in a position to coerce all of us to take advantage

of this “insurance”, contributing our fair share to insure ourselves and to

provide for the needs of the poor and those affected by disasters. Economists

and game theorists have proven time and again that we would all under-invest in

public goods such as these if we were not forced to do so by taxation. One can

fault government for poor planning and for “wasting money”, but private

philanthropy can never substitute for the mechanism of society-wide social

programs funded and administered by government.

政府规则及政府作用

The rules that governments make encompass a wide range of human affairs,

including commerce, education, marriage, medical care, employment, military

service, religion, travel, scientific research, and the exchange of ideas. A

national government—or, in some cases, a state or local government—is usually

given responsibility for services that individuals or private organizations are

believed not to be able to perform well themselves. The U.S. Constitution, for

example, requires the federal government to perform only a few such functions:

the delivery of mail, the taking of the census, the minting of money, and

military defense. However, the increasing size and complexity of U.S. society

has led to a vast expansion of government activities.