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全球化对国家的三大影响

Globalization affects the nation-state in three ways. First, globalization,

especially the global marketplace, takes certain powers away from the

nation-state. Nation-states are not as in command of their economic futures as

they used to be. The best example of this is the increasing inability of

governments to control their currencies. Exchange rates are now determined by

other people‟s assessment of a country‟s economic well-being.

At the same time, globalization creates new possibilities and motivations for

local cultural autonomy and identities. This “push down effect” of globalization

is the reason for the revival of local nationalism and local forms of cultural

identity in all parts of the world. It may seem strange but the more we

globalize, the more we localize.

The third effect of globalization is that it also pushes sideways. This is

best seen in the emergence of regional groupings, which is called “regional

states”.

Clearly globalization is a complex set of partly contradictory forces. It is

not, as globalization critics suggest, a single force pulling in a single

direction.

全球化对十大领域的影响

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different

ways such as:

1. Industrial (alias trans-nationalization)—emergence of worldwide production

markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and

companies.

2. Financial—emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to

external financing for corporate, national and sub-national borrowers.

3. Economic—realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of

exchange of goods and capital.

4. Political—political globalization is the creation of a world government

which regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights

arising from social and economic globalization.

5. informational—increase in informationflows between geographically remote

locations.

6. Ecological—the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be

solved without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary

water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive

species. Many factories are built in developing countries where they can pollute

freely.

7. Social—the achievement of free circulation by people of all nations.

8. Transportation—fewer and fewer European cars on European roads each year

(the same can also be said about American cars on American roads) and the death

of distance through the incorporation of technology to decrease travel time.

9. Cultural—growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of

consciousness and identities such as Globalism—which embodies cultural

diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new

technology and practices, and participate in a “world culture”.

10. Technical/Legal—development of a global telecommunications infrastructure

and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet,

communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless

telephones.

全球化拥护者对现有政策的批评

Supporters of globalization are highly critical of some current policies, in

particular, the very high subsidies to and protective tariffs for agriculture in

the developed world. For example, almost half of the budget of the European

Union goes to agricultural subsidies, mainly to large farms and agricultural

businesses, which form a powerful lobby. Japan gave 47 billion dollars in 2005

in subsidies to its agricultural sector, nearly four times the amount it gave in

total foreign aid. The US gives 3.9 billion dollars each year in subsidies to

its cotton sector, including 25,000 growers, three times more in subsidies than

the entire USAID budget for Africa‟s 500 million people.

This drains the taxed money and increases the prices for the consumers in

developed world, decreases competition and efficiency, prevents exports by more

competitive agricultural and other sectors in the developed world due to

retaliatory trade barriers, and undermines the very type of industry in which

the developing countries do have comparative advantages. Tariffs and trade

barriers, thereby, hinder the economic development of developing economies,

adversely affecting living standards in these countries.