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艺术史的概念

Art history is the academic study of objects of art in their historical

development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and look.

Moreover, art history generally is the research of artists and their cultural

and social contributions.

As a term, art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of

studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to the study of works of art

and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the

discipline overlapping upon art criticism and art theory. Ernst Gombrich

observed that “the field of art history is much like Caesar’s Gaul, divided in

three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes:

(1) the connoisseurs, (2) the critics, and (3) the academic art historians”.

Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon

which the understanding of art history has turned.

艺术史的发展

Art history is a relatively new academic enterprise, beginning in the

nineteenth century. Whereas the analysis of historical trends in, for example,

politics, literature, and the sciences, benefits from the clarity and

portability of the written word, art historians rely on formal analysis,

iconology, semiotics (structuralism, post-structuralism, and deconstruction),

psychoanalysis and iconography, as well as primary sources and reproductions of

artworks as a springboard of discussion and study. Advances in photographic

reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of

reproductions of artworks accurately. Nevertheless the appreciation and study of

the visual arts has been an area of research for many over the millennia. The

definition of art history reflects the dichotomy within art, i.e., art as

history and in anthropological context; and art as a study in forms.

艺术反映古代文明

Ancient Egyptian and Greek societies both made significant contributions to

western civilization, specifically in the areas of politics and social

structure. The political system of ancient Egypt was primarily based on the

religion belief that the Pharaoh was a divine entity, while Greek politics were

based on a democratic system that valued individuals in a unique way. The

political and social advancements of both Greek and Egyptian civilizations are

best reflected in the advancement of each culture’s artwork. In the early

kingdom of the Egyptian civilization, the Pharaoh ruled as a God-King and

dictated the religion and laws of the land. He promoted a polytheistic religion

that was used to explain natural phenomena and life after death. According to

this religion, all Egyptians, not only the ruling class, were offered the hope

of survival in the next world, as a reward for a good life in the present

world.

The idea of a good life is defined by the devotees’ accomplishments in the

eyes of Osiris, the judge of the dead. Funeral services were devised to

exemplify these beliefs and help to guide the spirit of the dead into the

afterlife. The ridged structure of this Theocracy greatly limited individualism

in all aspect of life, but most importantly art. The art of the early kingdom

was predominantly based on the divinity of the Pharaoh, and his status in

society.