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媒体： 政治第四不动产

The term Fourth Estate refers to the press, both in its explicit capacity of

advocacy and in its implicit ability to frame political issues. The term goes

back at least to Thomas Carlyle in the first half of the 19th century.

Novelist Jeffrey Archer in his work The Fourth Estate made this observation:

“In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the „Estate

General‟. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy. The Second Estate,

three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred commoners. Some years later,

after the French Revolution, Edmund Burke, looking up at the Press Gallery of

the House of Commons, said, „Yonder sits the Fourth Estate, and they are more

important than them all.‟”

媒体五大类型及其伦理

Advocacy journalists—a term of some debate even within the field of

journalism—by definition tend to reject “objectivity”, while at the same time

maintaining many other common standards and ethics.

Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and

literary devices more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into often

book-length treatment of the subjects about

which they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphor, digression and other

such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news

reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical

criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news

reporting. Yet, with brilliant prose, they venture outside the boundaries of

standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts.

New journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental

ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic

prose in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market

segment.

Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the

personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. Supermarket tabloids

are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have “news” stories

that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not

for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic

standards, but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such claims.

Some publications deliberately engage in satire, but give the publication the

design elements of a newspaper, for example, The Onion, and it is not unheard of

for other publications to offer the occasional, humorous articles appearing on

April Fool‟s Day.

权力机构对媒体的四大间接影响

The powerful can also work on the media indirectly by:

1. Complaints delivered en masse to their own constituencies (e.g.,

stockholders, employees) about media bias.

2. Generation of mass advertising that does the same.

3. Funding watchdog groups or think tanks engineered to expose and attack

deviations in media coverage that endanger vital elite interests.

4. Funding political campaigns that elect politicians who will be more

willing to curb any such media deviations.