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美国政府的环保政策

The government‟s environmental programs are working well, according to EPA

administrator William K. Reilly in the Green Thumb of Capitalism: The

Environmental Benefits of Sustainable Growth. Solid governmental programs have

been developed for the improvement of the environment, indicates Reilly; several

situations quantify its success. According to Reilly, the government is creating

adequate market incentives to curb pollution, encourage energy efficiency and

waste reduction through low-cost programs, in conjunction with the private

sector. To his credit, Reilly cites some powerful programs which may make at

least short-term environmental and economic success: bioremediation,

telecommuting, curtailing emissions and reusing resources. However, Reilly seems

to follow a predictable governmental pattern to avoid discussion of the savored

trucking and nuclear industries (industries with notoriously powerful lobbying

abilities), among others. Rather, he focuses on the aftermath of the

Exxon-Valdez cleanup catastrophe. It is not only curious that a catastrophe

could be listed as a success in the larger scheme of environmental issues, it

also does not address the aspect of making a corporation more accountable for

its failures, or even discuss what changes have been made in the oil industry to

prevent such catastrophes from occurring again. Additionally, the idea that

accounting for the national well-being be measured by some other bean-counting

system besides the GNP and NNP really avoids considerations of common sense. For

example, if discontinuing usage of CFCs will enable the restoration of the ozone

layer, it follows that proper policy-making would include the discontinuance of

CFCs. Bean-counting does not provide for this logical relationship. Reilly

espouses the thought that capitalism is not a threat to the environment; he

indicates that its mechanisms actually encourage decisions that respect

environmental values. He evidences that the situation in the United States is

exemplary in comparison to third-world counties in South America and in the

former USSR.

保护生态学的概念

Conservation biology, or conservation ecology, is the science of analyzing

and protecting Earth‟s biological diversity. Conservation biology draws from the

biological, physical and social sciences, economics, and the practice of

natural-resource management. Conservation ecology addresses population dynamics

issues associated with the small population sizes of rare species (e.g., minimum

viable populations). The term “conservation biology” refers to the application

of science to the conservation of genes, populations, species, and ecosystems.

Conservation biology is the scientific study of the phenomena that affect the

maintenance, loss, and restoration of biological diversity. For the history of

biodiversity conservation and volunteer activity, see conservation movement.

保护生态学的历史

In the 19th century actions in the United Kingdom, the United States and

certain other western countries emphasized the protection of habitat areas

pursuant to visions of such people as John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt. It was

not until the mid-20th century did efforts arise to target individual species

for conservation, notably efforts in big cat conservation in South America led

by the New York Zoological Society. By the 1970s, led primarily by work in the

United States

under the Endangered Species Act along with Biodiversity Action Plans

developed in Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, hundreds of specific species

protection plans ensued. The Society for Conservation Biology is a global

community of conservation professionals dedicated to advancing the science and

practice of conserving Earth‟s biological diversity.