GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之科学假设

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科学假设的五大内涵

People refer to a trial solution to a problem as a hypothesis—often called an

“educated guess”—because it provides a suggested solution based on the evidence.

Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses before solving the

problem.

According to Schick and Vaughn, researchers weighing up alternative

hypotheses may take into consideration:

1. Testability (compare falsifiability as discussed above)

2. Simplicity (as in the application of “Occam’s Razor”, discouraging the

postulation of excessive numbers of entities)

3. Scope—the apparent application of the hypothesis to multiple cases of

phenomena

4. Fruitfulness—the prospect that a hypothesis may explain further phenomena

in the future

5. Conservatism—the degree of “fit” with existing recognized

knowledge-systems

想象力和信仰之间的区别

Imagination differs fundamentally from belief because the subject understands

that what is personally invented by the mind does not necessarily impact the

course of action taken in the

apparently shared world while beliefs are part of what one holds as truths

about both the shared and personal worlds. The play of imagination, apart from

the obvious limitations (e.g. of avoiding explicit self-contradiction), is

conditioned only by the general trend of the mind at a given moment. Belief, on

the other hand, is immediately related to practical activity: it is perfectly

possible to imagine oneself a millionaire, but unless one believes it one does

not, therefore, act as such. Belief endeavors to conform to the subject’s

experienced conditions or faith in the possibility of those conditions; whereas

imagination as such is specifically free. The dividing line between imagination

and belief varies widely in different stages of technological development. Thus

someone from a primitive culture who is ill frames an ideal reconstruction of

the causes of his illness, and attributes it to the hostile magic of an enemy

based on faith and tradition rather than science. In ignorance of the science of

pathology the subject is satisfied with this explanation, and actually believes

in it, sometimes to the point of death, due to what is known as the placebo

effect.

好奇心的定义及其起因

In essence, “curiosity” is a term that describes an unknown number of

behavioral and psychological mechanisms that have the effect of impelling beings

to seek information and interaction with their natural environment and with

other beings in their vicinity.

Curiosity is an innate capability of many living beings, but it can not be

subsumed under category of instinct because it lacks the quality of fixed action

pattern; it is rather one of innate basic emotions because it can be expressed

in many flexible ways while instinct is always expressed in a fixed way, and

like any innate capability it confers a survival advantage to certain species,

and can be found in their genomes.

如何开始有效学习

Many students find it hard to start working or work for too long when they

do. If one finds himself avoiding starting work or seemingly finding ways out of

studying then he should try to start studying for short periods of 10-15 minutes

on a regular basis. This, if done properly, can help ease one into interrupting

your normal daily routine enough to actually get some work done. When one finds

that one can sit and concentrate (which are skills that need to be warmed up by

this process as well) for longer periods then changing to a full study routine

is possible.

If one finds that one studies for too long a time, then it can seem much more

of a chore than it really has to be. Even students who really enjoy their

subject can end up resenting the amount of work they have to do if they fall

into ineffective study patterns. If this happens one may begin to fall into the

avoiding-starting-to-study pattern.