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实现机会均等是困难的

In practice, methods for fulfilling equal opportunity can be less than

complete or ineffective. Indeed, the means by which to measure the success or

failure of equal opportunity policies is unclear. Opportunity itself is often

difficult—if not impossible—to accurately measure. Thus, in practice, equal

opportunity is said to exist when people with similar abilities reach similar

results (equality of outcome) after doing a similar amount of work. Indeed,

equal opportunity and equality of outcome are often seen as complementary. Other

societal traditions interfere with equality of opportunity, however; for

example, as long as wealth, and thus opportunities, can be passed from one

generation to another through inheritance, it is unclear how equality of outcome

would come about for two children of similar ability, one born into the elite

class and one born into the middle or lower class.

社会福利

A social welfare provision refers to any program which seeks to provide a

minimum level of income, service or other support for disadvantaged people such

as the poor, the elderly, the disabled, students, unpaid workers such as mothers

and other caregivers, and underprivileged

groups. Social welfare programs are undertaken by governments as well as

non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Social welfare payments and services are

typically provided free of charge or at a nominal fee, and are funded by the

state, benefactors or by compulsory enrollment of the poor themselves.

福利社会

States or nations that provide comprehensive social welfare programs are

often identified as having a welfare state. In such countries, access to social

welfare services is often considered a basic and inalienable right to those in

need. In many cases these are considered natural rights, and indeed that

position is borne out by the UN Convention on Social and Economic Rights and

other treaty documents. Accordingly, many people refer to welfare within a

context of social justice, making an analogy to rights of fair treatment or

restraint in criminal justice.

七大社会福利类型

Examples of social welfare services include the following:

1. Compulsory superannuation savings programs.

2. Compulsory social insurance programs, often based on income, to pay for

the social welfare service being provided: these are often incorporated into the

taxation system and may be inseparable from income tax.

3. Pensions or other financial aid, including social security and tax relief,

to those with low incomes or inability to meet basic living costs, especially

those who are raising children, elderly, unemployed, injured, sick or

disabled.

4. Free or low cost nursing, medical and hospital care for those who are

sick, injured or unable to care for themselves. This may also include free

antenatal and postnatal care. Services may be provided in the community or a

medical facility.

5. Free or low cost public education for all children, and financial aid,

sometimes as a scholarship or pension, sometimes in the form of a suspensory

loan, to students attending academic institutions or undertaking vocational

training.

6. The state may also fund or operate social work and community based

organizations that provide services that benefit disadvantaged people in the

community.

7. Welfare money paid to persons, from a government, who are in need of

financial assistance but who are unable to work for pay.