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社会发展的三大理论

In the 19th century, three great classical theories of social and historical

change were created: the sociocultural evolutionism, the social cycle theory and

the Marxist historical materialism theory. Those theories had one common factor:

they all agreed that the history of humanity is pursuing a certain fixed path,

most likely that of the social progress. Thus, each past event is not only

chronologically, but causally tied to the present and future events. Those

theories postulated that by recreating the sequence of those events, sociology

could discover the laws of history.

社会发展阶段I： 殖民主义

The first process was colonialism. Although imperial powers settled most

differences of opinion with their colonial subjects with force, increased

awareness of non-Westem people raised new questions for European scholars about

the nature of society and culture. Similarly, effective administration required

some degree of understanding of other cultures. Emerging theories of

sociocultural evolution allowed Europeans to organize their new knowledge in a

way that reflected and justified their increasing political and economic

domination of others: colonized people were less evolved, colonizing people were

more evolved. When the 17th-century, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes described

primeval man as living in conditions in which there are “no arts, no letters, no

society” and his life as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”, he was

very much proclaiming a popular conception of the “savage”. Everything that was

good and civilized resulted from the slow development out of this state. Even

rationalistic philosophers like Voltaire implicitly assumed that enlightenment

gradually resulted in the upward progress of humankind.

社会发展阶段II： 工业革命

The second process was the Industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism

which allowed and promoted continual revolutions in the means of production.

Emerging theories of sociocultural evolution reflected a belief that the changes

in Europe wrought by the Industrial Revolution and capitalism were obvious

improvements. Industrialization, combined with the intense political change

brought about by the French Revolution, U.S. Constitution and Polish

Constitution of May 3, 1791, which were paving the way for the dominance of

democracy, forced European thinkers to reconsider some of their assumptions

about how society was organized.

社会公正的内涵

Social justice is both a philosophical problem and an important issue in

politics, religion and civil

society. Most individuals wish to live in a just society, but different

political ideologies have different conceptions of what a “just society”

actually is. The term “social justice” is often employed by the political left

to describe a society with a greater degree of economic egalitarianism, which

may be achieved through progressive taxation, income redistribution, or property

redistribution. The right wing also uses the term social justice, but generally

believes that a just society is best achieved through the operation of a free

market, which they believe provides equality of opportunity and promotes

philanthropy and charity. Both right and left tend to agree on the importance of

rule of law, human rights, and some form of a welfare safety net.