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联想学习： 印象和观察

Imprinting is the term used in psychology and ethology to describe any kind

of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a

particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the

consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an

animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore

said to be “imprinted” onto the subject.

The most basic learning process is imitation; one’s personal repetition of an

observed process, such as a smile. Thus an imitation will take one’s time

(attention to the details), space (a location for learning), skills (or

practice), and other resources (for example, a protected area). Through copying,

most infants learn how to hunt (i.e., direct one’s attention), feed and perform

most basic tasks necessary for survival.

联想学习： 作用物条件和经典条件

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and

form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian

conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of

voluntary behavior. Discrimination learning is a major form of operant

conditioning. One form of it is called Errorless Learning.

The typical paradigm for classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing

an unconditioned stimulus (which unfailingly evokes a particular response) with

another stimulus (which does not normally evoke the response). Following

conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the

other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the “conditioned stimulus”). The

response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response.

质疑的好处

Being skeptic is not a radical way of thinking, but a logical thought

process. It is important for healthy skepticism to keep our minds open to new

ideas, and to prevent us from becoming

unthinking dogmatists with no individuality. If there were no one in the

world to doubt, then we’ll all still believe the world is flat and science would

never exist. Skepticism is a healthy outlook that doesn’t hinder our society, as

some may have you believe, but benefits it. To begin we should define the

requirements for knowledge.

质疑的必要性

However, it is possible for our senses to trick us. The skeptic argument is

that if we can believe we are awake when we are in fact dreaming in our beds,

then we can be dreaming at any moment and not know it. In this way, our senses

are tricking us. When we hear something in our dream, there is nothing actually

making that noise, it is something we only think we hear because we are

dreaming. In our dreams we can have any sensual experience we perceive while we

are awake, yet while we are dreaming, we are being fooled by our senses into

thinking things that do not exist are real. Since all our information about the

world comes from our senses, and our senses can fool us at any time, we can

therefore never be sure we have any knowledge about the world. The Epistemist

may again argue this point, delivering ways of deciphering whether or not you

are truly experiencing something or hallucinating through a dream, such as

another’s testimony. However, many magicians make their living by performing

illusions in front of large audiences. In this case everyone experiences the

same illusion, yet none of them know the truth. If you have ever been deceived

by someone, perhaps even someone you have trusted for a long period of time, you

know that it is much harder to trust that person from that point on. Many people

would in fact choose not to believe a word that came out of that person’s mouth

ever again.