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环境伦理学的自由主义扩展

Marshall‟s Libertarian Extension echoes a civil liberty approach (i.e. a

commitment to extend equal rights to all members of a community). In

environmentalism, though, the community is generally thought to consist of

non-humans as well as humans. Libertarian Extension encompasses those theories

that extend individual human rights to individual non-human animals and possibly

even the inanimate. Michael Smith classified the extension of rights to

non-human animals a biocentric ethic, since it focuses on the rights of biotic

entities. Andrew Brennan, however, was an advocate of ecological humanism

(eco-humanism), the argument that all ontological entities, animate and

inanimate, can be given ethical worth purely on the basis that they exist. The

work of Arne and his collaborator Sessions also falls under the Libertarian

Extension, although they preferred the term “deep ecology.” Deep ecology is the

argument for the intrinsic value or inherent worth of the environment—the view

that it is valuable in itself. Their argument, incidentally, falls under both

the Libertarian Extension and the Ecological extension.

绿色无政府主义的概念

Green anarchism is a school of thought within anarchism which puts an

emphasis on the environment. Some green anarchists can be described as

anti-civilization anarchists and sometimes anarcho-primitivists, though not all

green anarchists and anti-civilization anarchists are primitivists. Likewise,

there is a strong critique of technology among some green anarchists, though not

all reject it entirely. Sometimes green anarchism is said to be techno-positive

or

techno-negative to differentiate between those who advocate use of advanced

green technology to create and maintain an anarchist society and those who

mainly see civilization and modern technology as something negative.

贸易支持者和环保主义者之间的争论

Case studies are necessary to identify the likely effects of trade liberalism

for particular products and to investigate whether or not this development is

favorable for the environment. From an analysis of trade liberalization of the

coal and food sector: Trade liberalization may not only generate large global

income gains, but may also likely reduce global environmental damage from coal

consumption and farming. Thus, from a welfare economic viewpoint and seen from a

world trade perspective, globalization should enhance economic efficiency. But

there is considerably less consensus among ecological economics researchers on

what this means in practice, or on the social costs or benefits of globalization

for society at large. Changes in international trade patterns, markets,

technologies and communication patterns affect both the economy and the

environment.

Globalization has been spread worldwide ever since the age of Industrial

Revolution. It has proved to create a country that is more independent and

wealthy with the advantage of free trade, and vast rights from the WTO.

人类活动导致动物栖息地的破坏

Most of the species extinctions from 1000 AD to 2000 AD are due to human

activities, in particular destruction of plant and animal habitats. Raised rates

of extinction are being driven by human consumption of organic resources,

especially related to tropical forest destruction. While most of the species

that are becoming extinct are not food species, their biomass is converted into

human food when their habitat is transformed into pasture, cropland, and

orchards. It is estimated that more than 40% of the Earth‟s biomass is tied up

in only the few species that represent humans, livestock and crops.