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弗洛伊德观点： 选择的自由性及阻止自由意志的三大因素

People are not free and do not have free will due to unseen forces within the

human mind and areas of the unconscious which is not aware to us. There are

arguments that go against the principle of free will in reference to the

unconscious. Many people who have done studies in this area conclude that the

unconscious can be seen or measured, so it is able to exist.

According to Sigmund Freud, the unconscious does exist and the areas of the

human mind control and affect our behavior. Freud also states that because of

these forces, free will is prevented. Freud proposes three aspects of our

personality that prevent free will. They are the Id, Ego, and the Super Ego.

Many People feel they are free and possess free will. They do not feel that some

mechanism in their mind is the basis for their behavior and actions. They feel

that they have the ability to size up a situation, think about their options,

and choose how they will act. What we do then, is the result of our own

deliberate free choice. There are unseen forces that prevent free will. These

unseen forces along with other factors prevent us from acting freely.

人的局限性

history has taught us that from the advent of time, man has proven himself to

be his own worst enemy. Throughout history, various controversies and disputes

have progressed into major wars with devastating effects. Some people believe

that these are the subsequent results of increasing power in man. To many, it

may seem that the acquisition of varying degrees of power and influence cause

marked changes in otherwise placid personalities. The more power one has, the

more he wants and, what is worst, he is never satisfied. This mentality,

however, is not accelerated

by power, but rather by an inner drive which comes as a result of one‟s

limitations.

征服是人的局限性的结果

Disputes and world conquests are not manifestations of human power, but the

inevitable results of human limitations. Along with power comes a keener sense

of security and self-confidence which, when threatened by others or discontented

factors, becomes the basis for disputes and world conquests. This takes shape

when an individual has reached his or her limitations as a human being. An

individual‟s limitations can be regarded as his or her imperfections, which is

the bridge that separates man from the supreme beings. These limitations

encompass the lack of ability to deal with moral, emotional, mental and physical

predicaments. These can be further categorized as insecurity, poverty, fear,

lust, greed, and lack of knowledge among other things. These are the limitations

that are present in a human being, and that actuates him or her to abuse and

misuse power. With the absence of these limitations, there would be no

compulsive ordinance for any disputes and conquests, because an individual‟s

emotions and confidence would then be directed towards compromise. If an

individual is confined to accept reality as it is, then he or she will be led

into having an egocentric mentality, which will be transformed into

disputes.

自我控制

The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of

emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according to a more

conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet

unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks. Yale School of

Management Professor Victor Vroom‟s “expectancy theory” provides an account of

when people will decide whether to exert self-control to pursue a particular

goal.

自我意象的概念

Self-efficacy is an impression that one is capable of performing in a certain

manner or attaining certain goals. It is a belief that one has the capabilities

to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations.

Unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence,

competence), self-efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has

the power to produce that effect. For example, a person with high self—efficacy

may engage in a more health related activity when an illness occurs, whereas a

person with low self-efficacy would result in feelings of hopelessness.