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人口与社会相互影响

The size of the human population, its concentration in particular places, and

its pattern of growth are influenced by the physical setting and by many aspects

of culture: economics, politics, technology, history, and religion. In response

to economic concerns, national governments set very different policies—some to

reduce population growth, some to increase it. Some religious groups also take a

strong stand on population issues. Leaders of the Roman Catholic church, for

example, have long campaigned against birth control, whereas, in recent years,

religious leaders of other major faiths have endorsed the use of birth control

to restrict family size.

社会体系受到人口的影响

In turn, social systems are influenced by population—its size, its rate of

change, and its proportions of people with different characteristics (such as

age, sex, and language). Great increase in the size of a population requires

greater job specialization, new government

responsibilities, new kinds of institutions, and the need to marshal a more

complex distribution of resources. Population patterns, particularly when they

are changing, are also influential in changing social priorities. The greater

the variety of subcultures, the more diverse the provisions that have to be made

for them. As the size of a social group increases, so may its influence on

society. The influence may be through markets (such as young people who, as a

group, buy more athletic equipment), voting power (for example, old people are

less likely to vote for school bond legislation), or recognition of need by

social planners (for example, more mothers who work outside the home will

require child-care programs).

三大概念： 社会地位、 阶层权利、 政治权力

Social Status: If you view someone as a social superior, that person will be

able to have power over you because you believe that person has a higher status

than you do.

Class Power: This refers to people having unequal access to resources. If you

have access to something that someone else needs, that can make you more

powerful than the person in need. The person with the resource thus has

bargaining power over the other.

Political Power: Political power can influence the hierarchical system of

power because those who can influence what laws are passed and how they are

applied can exercise power over others.

社会数字划分的标准及其三大指标

The digital division of a society is usually measured in terms of

citizen/population access to ICT. Among the indicators for measuring access are

(1) telephone density (teledensity); (2) personal computer (PC) deployment and

penetration; and (3) number of Internet users.

Teledensity is the ratio of population to telephones (traditionally defined

as fixed or wired telephone lines). This indicator of the division must be

redefined as to include cellular/mobile phone users since in a number of

developing countries there are more mobile phones than wired phones.

Personal computer penetration and deployment has also been used to measure

access, since it is the most common way of accessing the Internet. However,

recently more and more ways of accessing the Internet have been devised.

The number of Internet users is also a way of looking at the digital

division. Statistics show that only about 10% of the world’s population is

online. Furthermore, most of these Internet users are in the developed Western

countries: the US, Canada and Europe account for about 63% of the

world’s Internet users. The Asia-Pacific’s share is about 30%. Africa and the

Middle East combined account for less than 2% of the universe of Internet

users.