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互联网使用的四大障碍

It is already received wisdom among those who are working to bridge the

digital division that providing access to technology is only one of many

obstacles that must be addressed. Internet access is not enough. The Children’s

Partnership argues that content is one aspect of the digital division that has

been neglected. The four content-related barriers to greater Internet uptake

across society are:

1. local information barriers;

2. literacy barriers;

3. language barriers;

4. cultural diversity barriers.

完美竞争的概念及其三大要素

The theoretical ideal developed by economists to establish the conditions

under which competition would achieve maximum effectiveness is known as

“perfect” competition. Although rarely possible, perfect competition, as a

concept, provides a useful benchmark for evaluating performance in actual

markets. Perfect competition exists when (1) an industry has a large number of

business firms as well as buyers; (2) the firms on the average are small; and

(3) buyers and sellers have complete knowledge of all transactions within the

market. The practical significance of a large number of small firms and many

buyers is that the power to influence the behavior of the participants in the

market is thoroughly dispersed. In other words, no single person or business has

the power to dictate the terms on which the exchange of goods and services takes

place. Market results then are truly impersonal. Under conditions of perfect

competition, economists contend, goods and services would be produced as

efficiently as possible—that is, at the lowest possible price and cost—and

consumers would get the maximum amount of the goods and services they

desire.

生活水平的概念

The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and

services available to people, and the way these goods and services are

distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as

income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e. inflation adjusted) income per

person. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, educational

standards and social rights are often used too. Examples are access to certain

goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1,000 people), or measures of health

such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a time or

place are able to satisfy their wants.

The idea of a “standard” may be contrasted with the quality of life, which

takes into account not only the material standard of living, but also other more

subjective factors that contribute to human life, such as leisure, safety,

cultural resources, social life, mental health, environmental quality issues

etc. More complex means of measuring well-being must be employed to make such

judgments, and these are very often political, thus controversial. Even among

two nations or societies that have similar material standards of living, quality

of life factors may in fact make one of these places more attractive to a given

individual or group.

竞争与合作

While cooperation is the antithesis of competition, the need or desire to

compete with others is a common impetus that motivates individuals to organize

into a group and cooperate with each other in order to form a stronger

competitive force. Cooperation in many areas such as farming and housing may be

in the form of a cooperative or, alternately, in the form of a conventional

business.

Many people resort to this because they may cooperate by trading with each

other or by altruistic sharing.

Certain forms of cooperation are illegal in some jurisdictions because they

alter the nature of access by others to economic or other resources. Thus,

cooperation in the form of cartels or price-fixing may be illegal.