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创新和发明的区别

“An important distinction is normally made between invention and innovation.

Invention is the first occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while

innovation is the first attempt to carry it out into practice.”

It is useful, when conceptualizing innovation, to consider whether other

words suffice. Recent authors point out that invention—the creation of new tools

or the novel compilation of existing tools—is often confused with innovation.

Many product and service enhancements may fall more rigorously under the term

improvement. Change and creativity are also words that may often be substituted

for innovation. What, then, is innovation that makes it necessary to have a

different word from these others, or is it a catch-all word, a loose synonym?

Much of the current business literature blurs the concept of innovation with

value creation, value extraction and operational execution. In this view, an

innovation is not an innovation until someone successfully implements and makes

money on an idea. Extracting the essential concept of innovation from these

other closely linked notions is no easy thing.

创新及其目的

The term innovation may refer to both radical and incremental changes to

products, processes or services. The often unspoken goal of innovation is to

solve a problem. Innovation is an important topic in the study of economics,

business, technology, sociology, and engineering. Since innovation is also

considered a major driver of the economy, the factors that lead to innovation

are also considered to be critical to policy makers.

In the organizational context, innovation may be linked to performance and

growth through improvements in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitive

positioning, market share, etc. All organizations can innovate, for example,

hospitals, universities, and local governments.

创造力与创新

Through these varieties of viewpoints, creativity is typically seen as the

basis for innovation, and innovation as the successful implementation of

creative ideas within an organization. From this point of view, creativity may

be displayed by individuals, but innovation occurs in the organizational context

only.

It should be noted, however, that the term “innovation” is used by many

authors rather interchangeably with the term “creativity” when discussing

individual and organi-zational creative activity. As Davila (2006) comment,

“Often, in common parlance, the words creativity and innovation are used

interchangeably. They shouldn’t be, because while creativity implies coming up

with ideas, it’s the “bringing ideas to life”...that makes innovation the

distinct undertaking it is.”

The distinctions between creativity and innovation discussed above are by no

means fixed or universal in the innovation literature. They are however observed

by a considerable number of scholars in innovation studies.

创造性思维的作用

When the mind engages in pure creative thinking it comes up with new thoughts

and ideas. When it applies itself to society it can come up with new

organizations. When it turns its attention to the study of nature it discovers

the laws and mechanisms by which nature operates. When it applies itself to

technology it comes up with new discoveries and practical inventions that boost

productivity. Technical creativity has had an erratic course through history,

with some intense periods of creative output followed by some dull and inactive

periods. However the period since 1700 has been marked by an intense burst of

technological creativity that is multiplying human capacities exponentially.