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自然界中的利益

For something to require rights and protection intrinsically, it must have

interests. Deep ecology is criticized for presuming that plants, for example,

have their own interests. Deep ecologists claim to identify with the

environment, and in doing so, criticize those who claim they have no

understanding what the environment‟s interests are. The criticism is that the

interests that a deep ecologist purports to give to nature, such as growth,

survival, balance are really human interests. “The earth is endowed with

„wisdom‟, wilderness equates with „freedom‟, and life forms are said

to emit „moral‟ qualities.” It has also been argued that species and

ecosystems themselves have rights. However, the overarching criticism assumes

that humans, in governing their own affairs, are somehow immune from this same

assumption, i.e. how can governing humans truly presume to understand the

interests of the rest of humanity. While the deep ecologist critic would answer

that the logical application of language and social mores would provide this

justification, i.e. voting patterns etc, the deep ecologist would note that

these “interests” are ultimately observable solely from the logical application

of the behavior of the life form, which is the same standard used by deep

ecologists to perceive the standard of interests for the natural world.

物种大小歧视

The size bias is not restricted to consideration of microbes. Entomologist

Nigel Stork states that “to a first approximation, all multicellular species on

Earth are insects”.

A reply to this, however, is that biodiversity conservation has never focused

exclusively on visible (in this sense) species. From the very beginning, the

classification and conservation of natural communities or ecosystem types has

been a central part of the effort. The thought behind this has been that since

invisible (in this sense) diversity is, due to lack of taxonomy, impossible to

treat in the same manner as visible diversity, the best that can be done is to

preserve a diversity of ecosystem types, thereby preserving as well as possible

the diversity of invisible organisms.

有害野生动物管理

Nuisance wildlife management is the term given to the process of selective

removal of problem individuals or populations of certain species of wildlife.

Some species of wildife may become habituated to man‟s presence causing property

damage or risk transfer of disease to humans or pets (zoonosis). Many wildlife

species coexist with humans very successfully. In fact, commensal rodents have

become more or less dependent on people.

Common wildlife pests include squirrels, opossums, raccoons, bats, voles,

deer, mice, coyotes, bears, ravens, seagulls, woodpeckers and pigeons. Some of

these species are protected by state or federal regulations, such as bears,

ravens, bats, deer, woodpeckers, and coyotes, and a permit may be required to

control some species.

Wildlife species are usually only pests in certain situations, such as when

their number becomes excessive in a particular area. Human change in the

environment will often result in increased numbers of a species. For example,

piles of scrap building material make excellent sites for rodents to frequent.

Food left out for household pets is often equally attractive to some wildlife

species. In these situations, the wildlife has suitable food and habitat and

will usually become a nuisance.