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个人主义

Individualism is a term used to describe a moral, political, or social

outlook that stresses human independence and the importance of individual

self-reliance and liberty. Individualists promote the exercise of individual

goals and desires. They oppose most external interference with an individual’s

choices—whether by society, the state, or any other group or institution.

Individualism is therefore opposed to holism, collectivism, fascism,

communalism, statism, totalitarianism, and communitarianism, which stress that

communal, group, societal, racial, or national goals should take priority over

individual goals. Individualism is also opposed to the view that tradition,

religion, or any other form of external moral standard should be used to limit

an individual’s choice of actions.

社会责任感

Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity,

whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual, has a

responsibility to society.

There is a large inequality in the means and roles of different entities to

fulfill their claimed responsibility. This would imply that different entities

have different responsibilities, insomuch as states should ensure the civil

rights of their citizens, that corporations should respect and encourage the

human rights of their employees and that citizens should abide by written laws.

But social responsibility can mean more than these examples. Many NGOs accept

that their roles and the responsibility of their members as citizens are to help

improve society by taking a proactive stance in their societal roles. It can

also imply that corporations have an implicit obligation to give back to society

(such as is claimed as part of corporate social responsibility and/or

stakeholder theory).

社会改革运动和社会激进运动

Reform movements—movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal

ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of

increasing workers’ rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological

laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to

abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms,

for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The

nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the

methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the

same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily

available.

Radical movement—movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve

fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, examples would include the

American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality

under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both

radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, and the Polish Solidarity

movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy

system into democracy and capitalism.

公众知识分子的社会作用

The Public Intellectual communicates information and “truths” about issues on

a variety of societal issues; however, this role is seemingly filled by others,

so what makes the Public

Intellectual something warranting a title? Public Intellectuals usually

emerge from the educated elite. McKee has shown how the bulk of North American

writers on public intellectuals assume that they will be academics—people like

themselves—if never “merely” academics, and have therefore a tie to academia and

the power (communication) that such a position holds alongside the ability to

convey to the wider public their understandings and ideas via a range of media

(books, documentaries, films, talks). It is this converging with the public

sphere which separates academics with Public Intellectuals.