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全球化的范畴

Globalization can be found in five different areas: economic, cultural,

political, religious, and social systems.

It should not be narrowly confused with economic globalization, which is only

one aspect. While some scholars and observers of globalization stress

convergence of patterns of production and consumption and a resulting

homogenization of culture, power, stress, and hunger, others stress that

globalization has the potential to take many diverse forms. In economics,

globalization is the convergence of prices, products, wages, rates of interest

and profits.

Globalization of the economy depends on the role of human migration,

international trade, movement of capital, and integration of financial markets.

The International Monetary Fund notes the growing economic interdependence of

countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border

transactions, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread

diffusion of technology.

全球化的测量指标KOF

As globalization is not only an economic phenomenon, a multivariate approach

to measuring

globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss Think tank KOF. The

index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and

political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall

index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows,

economic restrictions, data on personal contact, data on information flows, and

data on cultural proximity is calculated. Data are available on a yearly basis

for 122 countries. According to the index, the world‟s most globalised country

is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.

The least globalised countries according to the KOF-index are Haiti, Myanmar the

Central African Republic and Burundi. Other measures conceptualize Globalization

as Diffusion and develop interactive procedure to capture the degree of its

impact.

经济全球化的四大衡量标准

Looking specifically at economic globalization, it can be measured in

different ways. These centre around the four main economic flows that

characterize globalization:

1. Goods and services, e.g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national

income or per capita of population.

2. Labor/people, e.g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows,

weighted by population.

3. Capital, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of

national income or per head of population.

4. Technology, e.g. international research & development flows;

proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular

inventions (especially “factor-neutral” technological advances such as the

telephone, motorcar, and broadband).

To what extent a nation-state or culture is globalised in a particular year

has until most recently been measured employing simple proxies like flows of

trade, migration, or foreign direct investment, as described above.