GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之共同学习

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突破性创新

Innovation studies have traditionally conceived of two types of innovation to

nurture revenues by effectively growing market share: Incremental innovation and

breakthrough, disruptive or radical innovation.

Radical innovation refers to launching an entirely novel product or service

rather than providing improved products & services along the same lines as

currently. The uncertainty of breakthrough innovations means that seldom do companies achieve their breakthrough goals

this way, but sometimes breakthrough innovation does work and the rewards can be

tremendous. It involves larger leaps of understanding, perhaps demanding a new

way of seeing the whole problem, probably taking a much larger risk than many

people involved are happy about. There is often considerable uncertainty about

future outcomes. There may be considerable opposition to the proposal and

questions about the ethics, practicality or cost of the proposal may be raised.

People may question if this is, or is not, an advancement of a technology or

process. Radical innovation involves considerable change in basic technologies

and methods, created by those working outside mainstream industry and outside

existing paradigms.

共同学习： 角色分配

Assigning roles may also help to ease the imbalance of effort. The students

who don’t contribute enough effort should first be encouraged by their groups.

If this proves unsuccessful, the instructor should step in and mediate. It is

absolutely unfair to punish a group for the ineffectiveness of one member.

Students should do everything possible to remain a cooperative and cohesive

unit, but if all attempts fail they should be allowed a chance to rebuild a new

unit. It should also never be the responsibility of the strongest member of the

team to carry the others. The instructor can not assume that all group conflicts

should be resolved alone. Classroom modeling of effective group work and

role-playing of conflict situations should be directed by the instructor.

共同学习的优势： 培养合作精神

Intelligence is simply not enough in real world occupations. There are a

limited number of university courses that solely instruct students on the

etiquette of working cooperatively. It is necessary therefore, to teach these

skills within the framework of all content areas. High achieving and shy

students will also find that their grades may improve by being involved in a

cooperative process.

Conflict is a natural by-product of cooperation. When students are asked to

work together, it is with the intent that they will each provide a differing

view and/or opinion. When differing opinions are joined together to create one

product, conflict is sure to arise. Conflict can be a very healthy springboard

to learning. When students dialogue and debate their opinions they might

reinforce their ideas or dismiss them. The ability to listen and be flexible to

new views is absolutely essential to the success of a group.

共同学习的优缺点

Cooperative learning, or student-centered instruction, is not a new concept.

It has been utilized in

nearly all academic settings and grade levels for the past decade. This group

approach to learning promotes improved academic achievement, better attendance,

higher motivation, and an increased interest for the subject and classmates.

Industry specialists have deemed the ability to work well with others one of the

most important skills necessary for success. Research and studies have proven

its effectiveness; however the process is not without its critics. Students

often resist the responsibility for learning that is placed upon their

shoulders. They may resent the active role that they are expected to take on.

Personality conflicts within the group may also contribute to a general feeling

of malcontent. It is the role of the instructor to initially guide the groups,

and then monitor their progress in order to ensure maximum learning.