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文化创造的概念

Cultural Creatives is a term coined by sociologist Paul H. Ray and

psychologist Sherry Ruth Anderson to describe a large segment in Western society

that has recently developed beyond the standard paradigm of Modernists versus

Traditionalists or Conservatists. The concept was presented in 2000 in their

book The Cultural Creatives. How 50 Million People Are Changing the World, where

they claim to have found that 50 million adult Americans (slightly over one

quarter of the adult population) can now be identified as belonging to this

group which has not yet found its identity but is disenchanted with materialism

and hedonism. Dr. Ray calls this segment New Progressives.

This growing section of the population is admittedly spiritual and embraces

the practice of spiritual values in daily life without formal religion. Many

adherents to the tenets of the Cultural Creatives tend to become familiar with a

variety of religions and seek to identify with principles that are universal

amongst religions. The intention is to search for universal, practical spiritual

principles that have intrinsic value, and do not depend on ecclesiastical

authority.

文化极化

Although cultural policies often have the stated aim of reviving national

unity, one result has been an increased polarization. With the disappearance of

former taboos, open criticism of the culture and values of specific minorities

became common. Muslims in Britain or the Netherlands may occasionally hear that

their culture is backward, that western culture is superior, and that they are

obliged to adopt it. In turn, overly-defensive reactions include an increased

self-identification as “Muslims”, and adoption of Islamic dress by women and

“Islamic” beards by men. Part of the Muslim minority is now hostile to the

society they live in, and sympathetic to terrorism. In Amsterdam’s secondary

schools, about half the Moroccan minority does not identify with the

Netherlands: they see their identity as “Muslim”, and regularly express

anti-western views but, nevertheless, do not want to return to their historical

homeland. In turn society is increasingly hostile to Muslims: a survey showed

that 18% in Britain think that “a large proportion of British Muslims feel no

sense of loyalty to this country and are prepared to condone or even carry out

acts of terrorism”. A TNS/Global poll showed that 79% in Britain would feel

“uncomfortable living next to a Muslim”.

文化是后天习得的

Culture is not inherited, but must be learned and shared. A culture can also

change and adapt to the needs of a society. Culture can help humans survive in

this ever-changing globe. Many members of a culture develop a feeling of

superiority over other cultures and can become ethnocentric.

Some societies, like the United States, are multicultural and consist of many

diverse cultures. People can also develop self-identity within a culture and may

have culture shock if they are exposed to a new and confusing culture different

from their own.