GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之创新论

北京GRE培训,GRE备考资料,GRE网课,GRE培训机构,GRE保分班,GRE真题,GRE课程

想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。小编为大家整理了GRE

ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，一起来看吧。

创新的特点

A further characterization of innovation is as an organizational or

management process. For example, Davila (2006), write: “Innovation, like many

business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules,

and discipline.”

From this point of view, the emphasis is moved from the introduction of

specific novel and useful ideas to the general organizational processes and

procedures for generating, considering, and acting on such insights leading to

significant organizational improvements in terms of improved or new business

products, services, or internal processes.

创新者的6大特点

A 2005/6 MIT survey of innovation in technology found a number of

characteristics common to innovators working in that field.

1. They are not troubled by the idea of failure.

2. They realize that failure can be learned from and that the “failed”

technology can later be reused for other purposes.

3. They know innovation requires that one works in advanced areas where

failure is a real possibility.

4. Innovators are curious about what is happening in a myriad of disciplines,

not only their own specialism.

5. Innovators are open to third-party experiments with their products.

6. They recognize that a useful innovation must be “robust”, flexible and

adaptable.

创新的5大类型

Scholars have identified at a variety of classifications for types

innovations. Here is an unordered ad-hoc list of examples:

1. Business model innovation involves changing the way business is done in

terms of capturing value, e.g. Compaq vs. Dell, hub and spoke airlines vs.

Southwest, and Hertz/Avis vs. Enterprise.

2. Marketing innovation is the development of new marketing methods with

improvement in product design or packaging, product promotion or pricing.

3. Organizational innovation involves the creation or alteration of business

structures, practices, and models, and may therefore include process, marketing

and business model innovation.

4. Process innovation involves the implementation of a new or significantly

improved production or delivery method.

5. Product innovation involves the introduction of a new good or service that

is new or substantially improved. This might include improvements in functional

characteristics, technical abilities, ease of use, or any other dimension.

两种层次的创新

As innovation in specific technologies, services or methods that are of

interest at firm level, scholars such as Christopher Freeman have proposed two

levels of innovation that are important at an industry or economy level:

1. New technological systems (systemic innovations) give rise to new

industrial sectors, and induce major change across several branches of the

economy. These systemic innovations are based on a range of radical and

incremental socio-technical innovation.

2. Technological revolutions or new techno-economic paradigms refer to

clusters of innovations that can change the whole economy, corresponding to

Joseph Schumpeter’s “creative gales of destruction”. These revolutions can take

decades to occur, as they involve massive innovation of economic, social and cultural practices.