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学习类型： 适应性学习

In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which

there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with

repetition of a stimulus. It is

another form of integration. An animal first responds to a stimulus, but if

it is neither rewarding nor harmful the animal reduces subsequent responses. One

example of this can be seen in small song birds—if a stuffed owl (or similar

predator) is put into the cage, the birds initially react to it as though it

were a real predator. Soon the birds react less, showing habituation. If another

stuffed owl is introduced (or the same one removed and re-introduced), the birds

react to it as though it were a predator, showing that it is only a very

specific stimulus that is habituated to (namely, one particular unmoving owl in

one place). Habituation has been shown in essentially every species of

animal.

学习类型： 感受型学习

Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the

progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a

stimulus. An everyday example of this mechanism is the repeated tonic

stimulation of peripheral nerves that will occur if a person rubs his arm

continuously. After a while, this stimulation will create a warm sensation that

will eventually turn painful. The pain is the result of the progressively

amplified synaptic response of the peripheral nerves warning the person that the

stimulation is harmful. Sensitization is thought to underlie both adaptive as

well as maladaptive learning processes in the organism.

学习方法： 死记硬背

Rote learning is a technique which avoids understanding the inner

complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead

focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner

exactly the way it was read or heard. The major practice involved in rote

learning techniques is learning by repetition, based on the idea that one will

be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more it is repeated.

Rote learning is used in diverse areas, from mathematics to music to religion.

Although it has been criticized by some schools of thought, rote learning is a

necessity in many situations.

死记硬背vs.思考

Rote learning is sometimes disparaged with the derogative terms parrot

fashion, regurgitation, cramming, or mugging because one who engages in rote

learning may give the wrong impression of having understood what they have

written or said. It is strongly discouraged by many new curriculum standards.

For example, science and mathematics standards in the United States specifically

emphasize the importance of deep understanding over the mere recall of facts,

which is seen to be less important, although advocates of traditional education

have criticized the new standards as slighting learning basic facts and

elementary arithmetic, and replacing content with process-based skills.

When calculators can do multidigit long division in a microsecond, graph

complicated functions at the push of a button, and instantaneously calculate

derivatives and integrals, serious questions arise about what is important in

the mathematics curriculum and what it means to learn mathematics. More than

ever, mathematics must include the mastery of concepts instead of mere

memorization and the following of procedures. More than ever, school mathematics

must include an understanding of how to use technology to arrive meaningfully at

solutions to problems instead of endless attention to increasingly outdated

computational tedium.