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艺术历史与艺术评论和艺术理论

As a discipline, art history is distinguished from art criticism, which is

concerned with establishing a relative artistic value upon individual works with

respect to others of comparable style, or sanctioning an entire style or

movement; and art theory, which is concerned with the fundamental nature of art,

and is more related to aesthetics investigating the enigma of the sublime and

determining the essence of beauty, i.e., artistic appeal. Technically, art

history is not these things, because the art historian uses historical method to

answers the questions: How did the artist come to create the work? Who were the

patrons? Who were his or her teachers? Who was the audience? Who were his or her

disciples? What historical forces shaped the artist’s oeuvre and how did he or

she and the creation, in turn, affect the course of artistic, political, and

social events?

艺术评论受到时间的考验

Despite perceptions that art criticism is a much lower risk activity than

making art, opinions of current art are always liable to drastic corrections

with the passage of time. Critics of the past are often ridiculed for either

favoring artists now derided (like the academic painters of the late 19th

Century) or dismissing artists now venerated (like the early work of the

Impressionists). Some art movements themselves were named disparagingly by

critics, with the name later adopted as a sort of badge of honor by the artists

of the style (e.g. Impressionism, cubism), the original negative meaning

forgotten.

Some critics are unable to adapt to new movements in art and allow their

opinions to override their objectivity, resulting in inappropriately dated

critique. John Ruskin famously compared one of James McNeill Whistler’s

paintings, Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket, to “flinging a pot of

paint in the public’s face”.

Artists have often had an uneasy relationship with their critics. Artists

usually need positive opinions from critics for their work to be viewed and

purchased; unfortunately for the artists, only later generations may understand

it.

文学评论

Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation

of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory,

which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. Though the two

activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not

always been, theorists.

Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of

inquiry from literary theory, or conversely from book reviewing, is a matter of

some controversy. For example, the Johns Hopkins, Guide to Literary Theory and

Criticism draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism,

and almost always uses them together to describe the same concept. Some critics

consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, as

criticism always deals directly with a literary work, albeit from a theoretical

point of view.

Modern literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic

literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in academic

journals, and more popular critics publish their criticism in broadly

circulating periodicals such as New York Times Book Review, New York Review of

Books, London Review of Books, Nation, and The New Yorker.