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新闻封锁的目的

Embargoes are typically used by government or corporate representatives

working in publicity or public relations, and are often arranged in advance as

part of a formal or informal agreement. Sometimes publishers will release

advance copies of a book to reviewers with the agreement that reviews of it will

not appear before the official release date of the publication. Complex

scientific news might also require advance notice with an embargo. Governments

also have legitimate reasons for imposing embargoes, often so as to prevent news

reports being an unfair or undue influence over votes in legislative bodies.

Artists‟ names and locations of performances are sometimes embargoed pending the

official announcement of the scheduled performance tour. Sometimes publicists

will send embargoed press releases to newsrooms unsolicited in hopes that they

will respect the embargo date without having first agreed to do so.

News organizations sometimes break embargoes and report information before

the embargo expires, either accidentally (due to miscommunication in the

newsroom) or intentionally (to get the jump on their competitors). Breaking an

embargo is typically considered as a serious breach of trust and can result in

the source barring the offending news outlet from receiving advance information

in the future.

新闻业中的反意识形态

A final filter is anti-ideology. Anti-ideologies exploit public fear and

hatred of groups that pose a potential threat, either real or imagined.

Communism once posed the primary threat according to the model. Communism and

socialism were portrayed by their detractors as endangering freedoms of speech,

movement, press, etc. They argue that such a portrayal was often used as a means

to silence voices critical of elite interests.

With the Soviet Union‟s collapse, proponents of the propaganda model have

argued that the functionality and credibility of anti-communism has been

fundamentally compromised. Proponents state that new, more functional anathemas

have arisen to take its place. Chomsky and Herman argue that one possible

replacement for anti-communism seems to have emerged in the form of

“anti-terrorism”.

安全考虑和新闻

Security concern is proportional to the relevance of the story for the

individual, his or her family, social group and societal group, in declining

order. At some point there is a Boundary of Relevance, beyond which the change

is no longer perceived to be relevant, or newsworthy. This boundary may be

manipulated by journalists, power elites and communicators seeking to encourage

audiences to exclude, or embrace, certain groups: for instance, to distance a

home audience from the enemy in time of war, or conversely, to highlight the

plight of a distant culture so as to encourage support for aid programs.