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理性选择理论

Rational choice theory, also known as rational action theory, is a framework

for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior. It

is the dominant theoretical paradigm in microeconomics. It is also central to

modern political science and is used by scholars in other disciplines such as

sociology. The “rationality” described by rational choice theory is different

from the colloquial and most philosophical uses of rationality. Although models

of rational choice are diverse, all assume individuals choose the best action

according to stable preference functions and constraints facing them. Most

models have additional assumptions. Proponents of rational choice models do not

claim that a model‟s assumptions are a full description of reality, only that

good models can aid reasoning and provide help in formulating falsifiable

hypotheses, whether intuitive or not. Successful hypotheses are those that

survive empirical tests.

人们为什么遵从社会规范

Since people are social beings, we must exchange with one another. We evolve

norms to reduce the risk by making one another‟s behavior sufficiently

predictable. (We are in a way programmed to know how to act, behave, or respond

when interacting with each other). For example:“Hello sir, could you point me in

the direction of the men‟s room?”

This man asked this question to a complete stranger and he was following his

injunctive norms (behaviors which are perceived as being approved of by other

people) when asking this question the man also predicted the response he would

get. “Oh yes, the bathrooms are in the back left corner.” If these social norms

were not pre-programmed in us like they are, this man would have had a very hard

time even with something as simple as asking directions.

理想追随者的8大原则

Stated principles of ideal followership：

1. Demonstrating respect

2. Thinking win/Win

3. Working within the system

4. Acting proactively

5. Appreciating differences

6. Striving toward a common goal (one shared with leaders)

7. Recognizing any authority that leaders may possess

8. Tailoring actions to accord with leaders‟ ideals

责任承担

Responsibility assumption is a doctrine in the personal growth field holding

that each individual has substantial or total responsibility for the events and

circumstances that befall them in their life. While there is little that is

notable about the notion that each person has at least some role in shaping

their experience, the doctrine of responsibility assumption posits that the

individual‟s mental contribution to his or her own experience is substantially

greater than is normally thought. “I must have wanted this” is the type of

catchphrase used by adherents of this doctrine when encountering situations,

pleasant or unpleasant, to remind them that their own desires and choices led to

the present outcome.

The term responsibility assumption thus has a specialized meaning beyond the

general concept of taking responsibility for something, and is not to be

confused with the general notion of making an assumption that a concept such as

“responsibility” exists.