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发展批评论

Development criticism refers to far-reaching criticisms of modernization and

its central aspects: modern technology, industrialization, capitalism and

economic globalization. A closely related, overlapping concept is

anti-modernism. Often development critics see modernization as harmful for both

humans and the environment. Development-critical movements represent a wide

range of critiques, including appeals to tradition, religion, spirituality,

environmentalism, aesthetics, pacifism and agrarian virtues.

Environmental issues are important for development critics. Many of them

first arrived at development-critical conclusions after recognizing modern

society as a threat to the environment.

Happiness is another central theme of development-critical writings. Modern

societies, despite their goal-oriented complexity and amount of labor time, do

not help people to reach happiness, according to some development critics. In

their view, happiness may be harder to reach in modern society than in primitive

ones.

人工智能的概念

The modern definition of artificial intelligence (or AI) is “the study and

design of intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that

perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of

success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science

and engineering of making intelligent machines”. Other names for the field have

been proposed, such as computational intelligence, synthetic intelligence or

computational rationality. The term artificial intelligence is also used to

describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system

demonstrates.

科技批评论

Technocriticism is a branch of critical theory devoted to the study of

technological change. Technocriticism treats technological transformation as

historically specific changes in personal and social practices of research,

invention, regulation, distribution, promotion, appropriation, use, and

discourse, rather than as an autonomous or socially indifferent accumulation of

useful inventions, or as an uncritical narrative of linear “progress”,

“development” or “innovation”.

Technocriticism studies these personal and social practices in their changing

practical and cultural significance. It documents and analyzes both their

private and public uses, and often devotes special attention to the relations

among these different uses and dimensions. Recurring themes in technocritical

discourse include the deconstruction of essentialist concepts such as “health”,

“human”, “nature” or “norm”.