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高等职业教育

Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university

tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of both practical skills and

theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of

post-secondary education such as that offered by institutions of vocational

education, which are more colloquially known as trade schools. Higher vocational

education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific

field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge. A

vocational university is an institution of higher education and sometime

research, which grants professional degrees like professional bachelor’s degree,

professional master’s degree and professional doctorates in a variety of

subjects. There are vocational universities in applied sciences and applied

arts.

免费教育

Free education (or subsidized education) is education that is provided at no

cost to students. Although primary school and other comprehensive or compulsory

education is free in many countries, the Nordic countries are all examples of

countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate

studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even a fee for foreign students

enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible

for the monthly study allowance and loan most nationals are.

Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside Scandinavia, free education

usually comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover

all or most of students’ expenses while at school. Patrons for grants and

scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself),

advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility),

humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all

levels, including college and university which are also free.

竞争是教育中的一个因素

Competition is a factor in education. On a global scale, national education

systems, intending to bring out the best in the next generation, encourage

competitiveness among students by scholarships. Upon receipt of their academic

results, students tend to compare their grades to see who is better. For severe

cases, the pressure to perform in some countries is so high that it results in

stigmatization of intellectually deficient students or even suicide as

consequence of failing the exams, Japan being a prime example. This has resulted

in critical revaluation of examinations as a whole by educationists. Critics of

competition as opposed to excellence as a motivating factor in education

systems, such as Alfie Kohn, assert that competition actually has a net negative

influence on the achievement levels of students and that it “turns all of us

into losers”. Competitions also make up a large proponent of extracurricular

activities that students partake in.

多学科概述

An interdisciplinary community or project is made up of people from multiple

disciplines and professions who are engaged in creating and applying new

knowledge as they work together as equal stakeholders in addressing a common

challenge. The key question is what new knowledge (of an academic discipline

nature), which is outside the existing disciplines, is required to address the

challenge. Aspects of the challenge cannot be addressed easily with existing

distributed knowledge, and new knowledge becomes a primary subgoal of addressing

the common challenge. The nature of the challenge, either its scale or

complexity, requires that many people have interactional expertise to improve

their efficiency working across multiple disciplines as well as within the new

interdisciplinary area. An interdisciplinarary person is a person with degrees

from one or more academic disciplines with additional interactional expertise in

one or more additional academic disciplines, and new knowledge that is claimed

by more than one discipline. Over time, interdisciplinary work can lead to an

increase or a decrease in the number of academic disciplines.