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四大动机理论I： 本能理论

Instinct is behavior that is inherited rather than learned. Instinct is an

inborn tendency/ biological force that dominates behavior. Instincts are

universal in expression and universal in a species. Instinct is viewed as

in-built with regards to a baby’s attachment to its parents or caregivers. The

reason for this development is that babies stay close to their parents because

they are provided with protection.

Human instincts are more flexible and more open to learning experiences than

those of other species. Just like the imprinting of baby geese, so do human

babies attach to his/her parents after many hours of interaction. An example of

instinctual behavior is that all ants build anthills in the same way, even when

they are not raised together, then the anthill building behavior is instinctual

and not a learned response. Sex in humans is also instinctual. We are not born

with the desire to engage in sexual activities, but as we reach puberty, there

is a need for sexual stimulation. Even though we might not know what to do, it

is instinctual. But, instincts only describe behavior; they do not explain why a

person engages in behavior.

四大动机理论II： 生物社会学理论

Sociobiology is the study of the biological basis for the social behavior of

humans and other animals. Sociobiologists try to ascertain the function of

various types of behavior in the life of an animal. Sociobiology is based on the

theory that the central process of life is the struggle of genes to reproduce

themselves. Theorists believe that natural preference favors behavior that

maximizes reproductive attainment—transmitting genes to the next generation.

According to this theory, an organism inherits inclinations to develop certain

types of behavior, and these behavior patterns increase an organism’s chances of

transferring its genes to the next generation.

There are ongoing debates about sociobiology and its relevance to human

motivation. Some theorists believe that sociobiologists overestimate the

influence of biology and underestimate the influence of culture. In the African

culture, African men consider African women with large buttocks appealing, which

may be viewed as unattractive in other cultures.

四大动机理论Ⅲ： 驱动理论

A drive is defined as an observation that organisms seek to maintain

homeostasis, a state of physiological equilibrium/stability. A drive assists an

organism in alleviating inner tension. For example, drinking alleviates thirst.

Drive theory explains why people eat, sleep, seek pleasure, avoid pain and

engage in sex.

There is a distinction between Primary and Secondary drives. Primary drives

are the most basic, inborn needs in our psychological systems and secondary

drives, also known as learned motives, are learned through association with the

reduction of primary drives. It is understood that most drive theories are

unlearned, biological drives, which progressively develop a bigger set of

appropriate drives through learning.

The sleep motive is an example of drive theory. If a person goes without

sleep, for quite a while, they begin to experience some discomfort, tiredness,

which is an internal tension and a drive motivates you to obtain sleep. Sleeping

reduces the drive and restores physiological balance. But drive theories can not

explain all facets of human motivation.

四大动机理论Ⅳ： 激励理论

Incentive theory is striving towards attaining external goals. Incentive

theorists believe that the source of motivation is external, in the environment.

Incentives pull you to act, whereas drives push you to act. Incentive theory is

not related to the principle of homeostasis, it emphasizes environmental

factors.

Not everyone can always achieve his or her desired goals. Expectancy-value

models explain one’s motivation to persevere in two ways, the merit of the

incentive, if it appeals to you, and the probability of one’s chances of

attaining the incentive. Gambling at a casino is an example of incentive. Your

motivation to gamble will depend on the amount of money you could win and on

your chances of winning. To draw people to gamble, large amounts of money are

offered as prize, making the incentive value high.