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康拉德·菲利普·科塔克观点： 对某文化的适应过程

Conrad Phillip Kottak (in Window on Humanity) writes: Enculturation is the

process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual

the accepted norms and values of the culture or society in which the individual

lives. The individual can become an accepted member and fulfill the needed

functions and roles of the group. Most importantly the individual knows and

establishes a context of boundaries and accepted behavior that dictates what is

acceptable and not acceptable within the framework of that society. It teaches

the individual their role within society as well as what is accepted behavior

within that society and lifestyle.

康拉德·菲利普·科塔克观点：文化适应的作用

Enculturation helps mold a person into an acceptable member of society.

Culture influences everything that a person does, whether they are aware of it

or not. Enculturation is a life-long process that helps unify people. Even as a

culture changes, core beliefs, values, worldviews, and child-rearing practices

stay the same. How many times has a parent said “If all your friends jumped off

a bridge, would you?” when their child wanted to fit in with the crowd? Both are

playing roles in the enculturation. The child wants to be included in the

subculture of their peers, and the parent wants to instill individualism in the

child, through direct teaching. Not only does one become encultured, but also

makes someone else encultured.

康拉德·菲利普·科塔克观点： 学习文化的三种方式

Enculturation can be conscious or unconscious; therefore can support both the

Marxist and the hegemonic arguments. There are three ways a person learns a

culture. Direct teaching of a culture is done——this is what happens when you

don’t pay attention, mostly by the parents, when a person is told to do

something because it is right and to not do something because it is bad. For

example, when children ask for something, they are constantly asked “What do you

say?” and the child is expected to remember to say“please.” The second conscious

way a person learns a culture is to watch others around them and to emulate

their behavior. An example would be using different slang with different cliques

in school. Enculturation also happens unconsciously, through events and

behaviors that prevail in their culture. All three kinds of culturation happen

simultaneously and all the time.