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心理学概述

Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior

and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such

knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of

individuals’ daily lives and the treatment of mental illness.

Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and

sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental

function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines rely

more heavily on field studies and historical methods for extracting descriptive

generalizations. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of

cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology

differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the

interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a

system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the

subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes

with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many

people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment

and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology

has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology,

Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical

Psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior, to name

only a few.

Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major

block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social

science application, others can be clearly distinguished as having little to do

with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For

example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social

scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational

psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas

neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the

scientific tradition entirely.

马斯洛观点： 人的需求层次

In Maslow’s theory, then, human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of

importance. Needs emerge only when higher-priority needs have been satisfied. By

the same token, satisfied needs no longer influence behavior. This point seems

worth stressing to managers and administrators, who often mistakenly assume that

money and other tangible incentives are the only cures for morale and

productivity problems. It may be, however, that the need to participate, to be

recognized, to be creative, and to experience a sense of worth are better

motivators in an affluent society, where many have already achieved an

acceptable measure of freedom from hunger and threats to security and personal

safety, and are now driven by higher-order psychological needs.

To further confound the problem of understanding motivation, Maslow points

out that motives are not always conscious. In the average person, he believes,

they are more often unconscious than conscious—showing the influence on his

thinking of Freudian psychologists who have long been concerned with the hidden

causes of human behavior.

马斯洛观点： 三大方面需求

1. Growth needs

Though the deficiency needs may be seen as “basic”, and can be met and

neutralized (i.e. they stop being motivators in one’s life), self-actualization

and transcendence are “being” or “growth needs” (also termed “B-needs”), i.e.

they are enduring motivat-ions or drivers of behavior.

2. Cognitive needs

Maslow believes that humans have the need to increase their intelligence and

thereby chase knowledge. Cognitive needs are the expression of the natural human

need to learn, explore, discover and create to get a better understanding of the

world around them.

3. Aesthetic needs

Based on Maslow’s beliefs, it is stated in the hierarchy that humans need

beautiful imagery or something new and aesthetically pleasing to continue up

towards Self-actualization. Humans need to refresh themselves in the presence

and beauty of nature while carefully absorbing and observing their surroundings

to extract the beauty that the world has to offer.