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毁坏性创新和可持续性创新

How low-end disruption occurs over time? More recently the concepts of

disruptive vs. sustaining innovation have been popularized, where innovation is

often characterized by its impact on existing markets or businesses. Sustaining

innovations allows organizations to continue to approach markets the same way,

such as the development of a faster or more fuel efficient car. Disruptive

innovations on the other hand, significantly change a market or product

category, such as the invention of a cheap, safe personal flying machine that

could replace cars.

Prof. Clayton M. Christensen of the Harvard Business School maintained a data

base of innovative changes in the production and sale of hard-disks from 1975 to

1995. There were 116 new technologies introduced, 111 of which were sustaining

in nature, and every established firm in the industry was able to copy or

replicate those innovations with 100% success. (Sustaining innovations also tend

to be evolutionary.) In contrast there were 5 disruptive innovations. None of

the disruptive products involved any new technology, yet for the established

firms in the industry the adoption rate in the disruptive technologies was

zero.

积累性创新

Innovation studies have traditionally conceived of two types of innovation to

nurture revenues by effectively growing market share: Incremental Innovation and

Radical Innovation.

Incremental innovations is a step forward along a technology trajectory, or

from the known to the unknown, with little uncertainty about outcomes and

success and is generally minor improvements made by those working day to day

with existing methods and technology (both process and product), responding to

short term goals. Most innovations are incremental innovations. A value-added

business process, involves making minor changes over time to sustain the growth

of a company without making sweeping changes to product lines, services, or

markets in which competition currently exists.

经济创新的五大内涵

Joseph Schumpeter defined economic innovation in 1934:

1. The introduction of a new good—that is one with which consumers are not

yet familiar—or of a new quality of a good.

2. The introduction of a new method of production, which need by no means to

be founded upon a scientifically new discovery, and can also exist in a new way

of handling a commodity commercially.

3. The opening of a new market, which is a market into which the particular

branch of manufacture of the country in question has not previously entered,

whether or not this market has existed before.

4. The conquest of a new source of supply of raw materials or

half-manufactured goods, again irrespective of whether this source already

exists or whether it has first to be created.

5. The carrying out of the new organization of any industry, like the

creation of a monopoly position (for example through trustification) or the

breaking up of a monopoly position.

科技创新

Technological product and process (TPP) innovations comprise implemented

technol-ogically new products and processes and significant technological

improvements in products and processes. A TPP innovation has been implemented if

it has been introduced on the market (product innovation) or used within a

production process (process innovation). TPP innovations involve a series of

scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities.

The TPP innovating firm is one that has implemented technologically new or

significantly technologically improved products or processes during the period

under review.