真题回忆：3月11日北美SAT写作原文

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As you read the passage below,consider how kathryn Miles uses

.evidence,such as facts or examples,to support claims.

.reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidence.

.stylistic or persuasive elements,such as word choice or appeals to

emontion,to add power to the ideas expressed.

Our Failing Weather infrastructure

----- by Kathryn Miles, Oct. 30, 2014 (The New York Times)

LAST week the National Weather Service’s satellite network crashed, leaving

forecasters without crucial data as a large nor’easter swirled across the East

Coast, dumping record levels of rain and leaving thousands of residents without

power.

This network shutdown was the latest in a string of failures that has left

the agency unable to meet the needs of the nation. Earlier this year, the

service’s website collapsed under the weight of data requests from a single

Android app. A month earlier, the service’s severe-weather alert system also

crashed, creating a major disruption to communication that left residents from

Colorado to the mid-Atlantic without key radar and warning information while a

string of severe storms swept over their region. And in 2011, the National

Weather Service website experienced what one official called a series of

“catastrophic failures” just as a massive blizzard marched across the eastern

half of the country.

Each of these instances revealed just how fragile our national weather

program really is, and how desperately we need to invest significantly more in

the weather infrastructure, technology and the kind of communication

redundancies that will keep all of us safe.

This is not a new problem. For years, congressional allocations to the

National Weather Service have all but flatlined. Meanwhile, the cost of storm

recovery has skyrocketed. In the 20 years leading up to Hurricane Sandy in 2012,

the United States suffered 133 weather disasters that exceeded $1 billion in

damages, for a total of over $875 billion. Sandy, the second-costliest hurricane

in the nation’s history, came with a price tag of an estimated $65 billion.

In the months after Sandy, the Department of Commerce issued a service

assessment report, which evaluated the National Weather Service’s response to

the storm. Its authors discovered understaffed forecasting offices, a shortage

of products that convey storm threats to the general public and a real need for

more staff training. These findings echoed a similar report issued after

Tropical Storm Irene in 2011, which charged that gaps in technology, service and

training had complicated forecasters’ ability to do their jobs.

But rather than address these shortages, in 2013 the National Weather Service

was forced to put in place a hiring freeze and cut off funding for forecaster

training and equipment maintenance, part of an 8.3 percent budget cut that came

in the wake of the federal government’s budget sequestration. The National

Weather Service now employs 288 fewer forecasters and technicians than it did

when Sandy struck.

A report issued earlier this year by the union representing National Weather

Service employees estimates that there are more than 500 job vacancies within

the agency, 396 of which are considered “emergency essential” — forecasters and

technicians who are on the front line of storm prediction and the issuance of

watches, warnings and advisories.

For years, the National Hurricane Center has been stymied by what the Sandy

assessment report called “a severe staffing shortage” in its technology and

science branch, which is responsible for everything from software development to

communicating watches and warnings. Thanks to budget constraints, the center

employs just one full-time storm surge specialist, despite the fact that storm

surge consistently kills more people than wind and is much harder to

predict.

Meanwhile, existing forecasters are forced to cope with limitations that make

their jobs difficult: radar that crashes, broken wind-detection devices, failing

satellites and budget constraints that prevent them from utilizing tools like

weather balloons.

Meteorologists at all levels of the National Weather Service are exceedingly

talented, hardworking scientists. They can do far more than their jobs currently

allow, including issuing seven-day storm forecasts and using global information

systems to create surge maps that would assist emergency managers in

evacuations. But, as one senior administrator at the National Hurricane Center

told me, “we can barely keep the trains running.” And that’s a dangerous

proposition for all of us.

This month is the second anniversary of Hurricane Sandy. And while the storm

continues to hold the record as both the largest Atlantic hurricane ever and the

second-most-expensive storm in our nation’s history, neither is the storm’s real

legacy.

More than anything, Sandy revealed just how fragile our meteorological

infrastructure has become — and just how vulnerable that makes us all.

Currently, thousands of mid-Atlantic residents are still displaced from their

homes. A class-action lawsuit against New York City revealed dangerous

shortcomings in the city’s emergency management plan. And while meteorologists

continue to debate the science behind the superstorm, they remain unified in

their certainty that such a disaster will happen again.

An underfunded weather program will ensure that future disasters could be

equally catastrophic. This is a matter of national security. If we don’t empower

forecasters to do their work, our nation is at risk of losing billions in

property and untold numbers of lives. What will make that eventuality all the

more tragic is the fact that it will have been almost entirely preventable.

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