【SAT写作素材】人物经典事例：费米·恩里科

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Fermi, Enrico 1901 – 1954

Physicist, born on September 29, 1901 in Rome, Italy. The son of a civil

servant father and a schoolteacher mother, Fermi studied at the University of

Pisa from 1918 to 1922, where his precocity led him to often teach his

teachers.

In 1926, while a lecturer at the University of Florence, he developed a new

form of statistical mechanics to explain the theoretical behavior of atomic

particles. Fermi also developed the theory of beta decay, which introduced the

last of the four basic forces known to nature, the nuclear “weak force.? At the

University of Rome, he and his colleagues unwittingly split the nuclei of

uranium atoms by bombarding them with neutrons, thus producing the first

artificial radioactive substances. Fermi thought that the atoms were not

splitting, but emitting a new element. For this breakthrough, Fermi received the

1938 Nobel Prize in physics. The same experiment yielded Fermi’s most notable

discovery: that slowing neutrons by passing them through a light-element

“moderator?increased their effectiveness. This “slowing?process later allowed

for the release of nuclear energy in a reactor.

Fearing for the safety of his Jewish wife because of Mussolini's anti-Semitic

legislation, Fermi went directly from the Nobel Prize presentation in Stockholm

to Columbia University in New York City. In 1939, he and Leo Szilard designed

the first nuclear reactor, which Fermi euphemistically called a “nuclear pile.?

They moved this work to the University of Chicago in 1942, joining the Manhattan

Project, the American-led effort to build the first atomic bomb.

On December 2, 1942, on the squash courts of the University of Chicago, Fermi

presided over what the site’s commemorative plaque now calls “the first

self-sustaining chain reaction and thereby initiated the controlled release of

nuclear energy."?The pile ran for twenty-eight minutes and produced 200 watts of

power, paving the way for the 1945 invention of the plutonium-based atomic

bomb.

Fermi moved to Los Alamos, New Mexico, in 1944 and attended the detonation of

the first atomic bomb at the Trinity Test Site in the New Mexican desert. He

estimated the force of the explosion by simply dropping scraps of paper in the

wind and comparing their displacement before and during the blast. Despite his

immeasurable contribution to the atomic bomb, Fermi opposed the development of

the more powerful hydrogen bomb, calling it a “weapon which in its practical

effect is almost one of genocide.? Fermi died of stomach cancer on November 28,

1954, in Chicago.