新SAT写作分析常见术语与修辞手法讲解

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evidence

是包括事实、例子、引用等能够支持文章主题的论据。考生需要找出evidence，并且说明evidence对文章主题的作用。reasoning是用evidence进行论证的过程。通过归纳、演绎等论证过程，使得evidence能够为主题服务。除了理性的论证，也会使用一些修辞手法或者词汇选择的技巧来诉诸情感，引起读者的共鸣。常用的修辞手法有用典、明喻、暗喻、拟人、讽刺、平行结构、反问、夸张。通过使用这些修辞手法，作者的想法得到更好的表现，读者也会被作者所打动。

Kinds of Evidences证据

Fact (事实)

术语解析：对于事实的客观描述。

举例：Already the World Health Organization classifies working

the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical

Association has voiced its unanimous support for “light pollution reduction

efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels.” Our

bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain

cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. (Fact)

Example (例子)

术语解析：帮助解释一个宏观描述的细节或实例。

举例：The rest of the world depends on darkness as

well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals,

fish and reptiles. Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that

migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their

eggs—and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in

pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world’s flora. Ecological

light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and

disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. (Example)

Statistics (数据)

术语解析：用来表现信息的具体数据。

举例：In 2001 the National Association of Manufacturers

polled (statistic) its members on skill deficiencies among employees. Among

hourly workers, poor reading skills ranked second, and 38 percent of employers

complained that local schools inadequately taught reading comprehension.

Quotation (引用)

术语解析：在文章中使用的名人说过或写过的话;分为直接引用和间接引用。

举例：Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch

physician who said he had prescriber anabolic steroids to hundreds of

world-class athletes, states, “If you are especially gifted, you may win once,

but from my experience you can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is

just too filled with drug users”.(direct quotation) Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch

physician who said he had prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of

world-class athletes, stated that if athletes were especially gifted, they might

win once, but from his experience they couldn't continue to win without drugs.

He asserted that the field was-just too filled with drug users. (indirect

quotation)

Style and Tone修辞手法

Anecdote (奇闻轶事)

术语解析：发生在一个人身上的简短而有趣的经历。

举例：I remember spending long hot sunny Summer holidays at the seaside or at

the park. As young and adventurous children, we would spend hours climbing trees

in the nearby woods or scouring the beaches for seashells. It was glorious.

Allusion (典故)

术语解析：援引文学作品中的典故、谚语、俗语等来暗示道理。

举例：Martin Luther King, Jr., alluded to the Gettysburg Address in starting

his "I Have a Dream" speech by saying "Five score years ago..."; his hearers

were immediately reminded of Abraham Lincoln's "Four score and seven years ago",

which opened the Gettysburg Address. King's allusion effectively called up

parallels in two historic moments without overwhelming his speech with

details.

Simile ; Metaphor

(明喻和暗喻)

术语解析：将本质上不同的两个事物(本体和喻体)放在一起对比，说明道理，明喻中会出现比喻词as/like，暗喻中不会出现比喻词。

举例：A

situation like the September 11 attacks, when the towers themselves turned into

ticking clocks, and people higher up needed every minute of evacuation time they

could get before the buildings collapsed on top of them. (Simile)

The towers did not literally turn into ticking clocks, but the metaphor

conveys the urgency of the situation for the people in the buildings.

(Metaphor)

Personification (拟人)

术语解析：使物具备人的特征，称之为拟人。

举例：The wind sang her mournful song through the falling leaves.

Irony (讽刺)

术语解析：要表达的意思是字面上相反的含义。

举例：Now, he had not even a penny with him and did not

have to think about what to eat for lunch, wonderful!(这里的wonderful就是讽刺)

Parallel Structure (平行结构)

术语解析：一句话或一篇文章中一组词或短语的重复使用，来起到强调的效果。

举例：Our eyes allow us to register

information not only from across the room but also from across the universe.

Rhetorical question (反问)

术语解析：不需要回答的问题。

举例：When you get “it,” what did you get?

Hyperbole (夸张)

术语解析：为了达到强调或滑稽的效果，故意言过其实。

举例：I’m so tired I could sleep for a year.

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