SAT写作素材之Aristotle

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下面是一篇关于亚里士多德的SAT常用写作素材，这篇SAT写作素材介绍了亚里士多德的生平和功绩，在SAT写作中的用处很多。大家可以参考一下，希望给大家带来帮助。

Key words: ancient Greek philosopher scientist

Aristotle (384-322 bc), Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with

Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient

philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to

the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Plato's

Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a

teacher.

When Plato died in 347 bc, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor,

where a friend of his, Hermias, was ruler. There he counseled Hermias and

married his niece and adopted daughter, Pythias. After Hermias was captured and

executed by the Persians in 345 bc, Aristotle went to Pella, the Macedonian

capital, where he became the tutor of the king's young son Alexander, later

known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle

returned to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum. Because much of

the discussion in his school took place while teachers and students were walking

about the Lyceum grounds, Aristotle's school came to be known as the Peripatetic

(“walking” or “strolling”) school. Upon the death of Alexander in 323 bc, strong

anti-Macedonian feeling developed in Athens, and Aristotle retired to a family

estate in Euboea (Évvoia). He died there the following year.

Perhaps because of the influence of his father's medical profession,

Aristotle's philosophy laid its principal stress on biology, in contrast to

Plato's emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded the world as made up of

individuals (substances) occurring in fixed natural kinds (species). Each

individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward

proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and

direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds,

according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular

individuals.

Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the

claims of empiricism (observation and sense experience) and formalism (rational

deduction).

One of the most distinctive of Aristotle's philosophic contributions was a

new notion of causality. Each thing or event, he thought, has more than one

“reason” that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. Earlier Greek

thinkers had tended to assume that only one sort of cause can be really

explanatory; Aristotle proposed four. (The word Aristotle uses, aition,”a

responsible, explanatory factor” is not synonymous with the word cause in its

modern sense.)