【SAT写作素材】人物经典事例：弗洛伊德

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Freud, Sigmund 1856 – 1939

Medical doctor and founder of psychoanalysis. Born Sigismund Freud on May 6,

1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now Pribor in the Czech Republic). At the age of

four, Freud’s family relocated to Vienna, where he lived and worked for the

majority of his life. Freud attended medical school at the University of Vienna

where he focused his studies on biology for six years, under the renowned German

scientist Ernst Brücke. In 1881, Freud received his medical degree and initially

sought work at Vienna General Hospital before setting up a private practice in

the treatment of psychological disorders.

In 1885, Freud went to Paris where he became familiar with the technique of

hypnosis. He soon deemed the effects of hypnosis as temporary and adopted an

alternative method of treatment suggested by his friend Josef Breuer. Breuer

felt that if troubled patients were encouraged to talk freely their symptoms

would eventually subside ?hence the term “free association.? Freud and Breur

further collaborated and developed the notion that many phobias were rooted in

traumatic childhood experiences. The two doctors formulated that a patient

needed to confront these past issues in order to let go of the phobia. They

published their theory in Studies in Hysteria(1894), and their findings were

considered revolutionary.

Freud and Breuer eventually parted because of differences in opinion (Breuer

felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on sexuality). Freud continued to work

on his own and in 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams, which

documented his own self-analysis. The book defined dreams as representations of

repressed desires and was widely considered Freud’s greatest work.

In his studies of child development, Freud concluded that between the ages of

three and five children reached a turning point where they felt a strong

attraction to the parent of the opposite sex (the Oedipal and Electra stages).

Freud’s bold psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on sexuality, was thought

to be scandalous and generally not well received. However, in 1908 the first

International Psychoanalytical Congress was held in Saltzburg. Shortly after,

Freud received recognition for his feats in psychology and a year later he was

called upon to give lectures in America.

Freudian theory was built upon the foundations of both medical science and

philosophy. As a scientist, Freud was interested in seeing how the human mind

affected the body particularly by studying paranoia, hysteria, and other mental

illnesses. As a theorist, he explored basic truths about how personalities are

formed. In 1923, Freud ventured so far as to develop a model of the human mind,

consisting of three elements -- the ego, the id, and the superego. During his

creatively productive life, Freud published over twenty volumes of theory and

clinical studies in which he coined concepts and terms, including libido,

subconscious and inferiority complex, that permeated Western culture.

In 1886, Freud married Martha Bernays with whom he had six children. Anna

Freud, the youngest child, served as a subject in many of Freud’s child

development studies. The two maintained an extremely close relationship, and

Anna became her father’s colleague and eventually his successor. In 1937, Freud

sought asylum in England following Hitler’s annexation of Austria and a ban on

psychoanalysis. Freud and his family settled in Hampstead, London until his

death from mouth cancer in 1939.