做好这件事,托福听力提高8分_易伯华托福听力

2024-04-25

来源: 易伯华教育

做好这件事,托福听力提高8分_易伯华托福听力

托福培训,托福听力,托福听力测试,托福听力培训,托福听力课程,易伯华教育

今天小编要和各位TOEFLer分享一些高效记听力笔记的符号缩写小技巧,大家在日常听力练习中做好这些小技巧的合理使用,可以帮助你更好实现听力提分哦。

一、笔记符号与缩写

标准缩写

cf = compare

e.g. = example

dept = department

只使用单词的第一个音节

pol = politics

dem = democracy

lib = liberal

cap = capitalism

使用第一个音节和第二个音节或字母

pres = presentation

subj = subject

ind = individual

cons = conservative

省略最后的几个字母

assoc = associate

biol = biology

info = information

ach = achievement

chem = chemistry

max = maximum

intro = introduction

conc = concentration

min = minimum

rep = repetition

省略元音,只保留辅音

ppd = prepared

prblm = problem

estmt = estimate

bkgd = background

gvt = government

Use an apostrophe in place of letters.

am't = amount

cont'd = continued

gov't = government

educat'l = educational

通过添加s来形成符号或缩写词的复数。

chpts = chapters

egs = examples

fs = frequencies

intros = introductions

Use g to represent ing endings.

ckg = checking

estg = establishing

decrg = decreasing

exptg = experimenting

Tips

※Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:

in

but

as

key

※Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:

is

was

were

※Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:

a

an

the

※Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:

@ at

2 to

4 for

& and

w/ with

w/o without

vs against

= therefore

= = is or equal

Use technical symbols where applicable.

zb = German, for example

ibid = Latin, the same work

o = degrees

H2O = water

+ plus

// parallel

Other Symbols and Abbreviations

as a result of / consequences of ---

resulting in ---

and / also +

equal to / same as =

following ff

most importantly *

less than

greater than especially esp/

二、缩略词

拿掉所有元音

MKT: market

MGR: manager

MSG: message

STD: standard

RCV: receive

保留前几个字母

INFO information

INS insurance

EXCH exchange

I owe you IOU

In stead of I/O

保留开头和结尾个发音字母

WK week

RM room

PL people

根据发音

R are

THO though

THRU throu

三、字母与图像

Z表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。

例如:日本人:JZ。

C表示政府,统治:government,govern希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government,所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official可以表示为CZ

P表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为PZ

E表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E数学符号表示总值。

G表示效率:efficient, effective。G为效率符号。

Q表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。

A表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。

B表示商业:business。

C× 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict和confrontation。

W表示工作,职业: work, employ等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker,而W(Z在字母上方表示employer,在字母下方表示employee)。

i表示工业: industry, industrial字母i像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。

U U看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的),填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m

(multiple)表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。

O表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口,Og表示出口,这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.

T表示"领导人":leader, head那么head of government, head of company便可以表示为CT

⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference,negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium

k这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery有关的词汇。

O圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的:international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.

J表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.

L表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.

EO表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.

O表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.

g表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc.

f表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc.

表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate

h示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc.

四、数学符号

+表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.

++(+2)表示"多"的比较级:more

+3表示"多"的最高级:most

- 表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.

× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.

表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.

表示"高"概念:superior to,surpass, etc.

表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.

表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.

=表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.

表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.

( )表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.

≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.

做好这件事,托福听力提高8分_易伯华托福听力

表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.

~ 表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so,approximately, etc.

/表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.

做好这件事,托福听力提高8分_易伯华托福听力

五、标点等

:表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.

?表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?

. (dot)这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week",可以表示为"wk."

∧ 表示转折

√ 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.

☆ 表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.

n表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.

&表示"和","与":and,together with,along with,accompany,along with,further more,etc.

∥ 表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.

六、较长单词的处理办法

-ism简写为m例如:socialism Sm

-tion简 简写为n例如:standardization (标准化) stdn

-cian简 简写为o例如:technician techo

-ing简写为g例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg

-ed简写为d例如:accepted acptd

-able/ible/ble简写为bl例如:available avbl

-ment简写为mt例如:amendment amdmt

-ize简写为z例如:recognize regz

-ful简写为fl例如:meaningful mnf

快速备考托福知识点

免费1对1规划学习方法

易伯华 托福知识点免费体验课
18小时免费体验课程
【18小时免费体验课程】

免费语言规划,留学规划

点击试听
  • 账号登录
社交账号登录