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今天小编要和各位TOEFLer分享一些高效记听力笔记的符号缩写小技巧,大家在日常听力练习中做好这些小技巧的合理使用,可以帮助你更好实现听力提分哦。
一、笔记符号与缩写
标准缩写
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
只使用单词的第一个音节
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
使用第一个音节和第二个音节或字母
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
省略最后的几个字母
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro = introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition
省略元音,只保留辅音
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount
cont'd = continued
gov't = government
educat'l = educational
通过添加s来形成符号或缩写词的复数。
chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking
estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing
exptg = experimenting
Tips
※Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
in
but
as
key
※Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is
was
were
※Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
a
an
the
※Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
@ at
2 to
4 for
& and
w/ with
w/o without
vs against
= therefore
= = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example
ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees
H2O = water
+ plus
// parallel
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of ---
resulting in ---
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than
greater than especially esp/
二、缩略词
拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager
MSG: message
STD: standard
RCV: receive
保留前几个字母
INFO information
INS insurance
EXCH exchange
I owe you IOU
In stead of I/O
保留开头和结尾个发音字母
WK week
RM room
PL people
根据发音
R are
THO though
THRU throu
三、字母与图像
Z表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
例如:日本人:JZ。
C表示政府,统治:government,govern希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government,所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official可以表示为CZ
P表示政治:politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为PZ
E表示总数:total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E数学符号表示总值。
G表示效率:efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
Q表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B表示商业:business。
C× 表示冲突,矛盾:conflict,confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对,字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict和confrontation。
W表示工作,职业: work, employ等。它是work的第一个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker,而W(Z在字母上方表示employer,在字母下方表示employee)。
i表示工业: industry, industrial字母i像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。
U U看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2××××,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的),填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m
(multiple)表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。
O表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等:country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口,Og表示出口,这个符号酷似一把椅子,可以表示主持、主办:chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席,主持人:chairman, host, etc.
T表示"领导人":leader, head那么head of government, head of company便可以表示为CT
⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:meeting,conference,negotiation,seminar,discussion,symposium
k这个符号看上像条鱼,所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery有关的词汇。
O圆圈代表地球,横线表示赤道,所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的:international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.
J表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.
L表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
O表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.
g表示到达、传达:go into,arrive at,give to,send to,present to etc.
f表示来自于:be/come from,return,receive from, etc.
表示追溯到:come/go back to,originate
h示上升:up/upward/rise,increase,arise,ascend, etc.
四、数学符号
+表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2)表示"多"的比较级:more
+3表示"多"的最高级:most
- 表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect,something bad,notorious,negative, etc.
表示"多于"概念:bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示"高"概念:superior to,surpass, etc.
表示"少于"概念:less/smaller,etc.
表示"低"概念:inferior to,etc.
=表示"同等"概念:means,that is to say,in other words,the same as,be equal to, etc.
表示"对手"概念:a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( )表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.
≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.

表示"无敌"概念:matchless, peerless, etc.
~ 表示"大约"概念:about/around,or so,approximately, etc.
/表示"否定","消除"等概念:cross out, eliminate, etc.

五、标点等
:表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
?表示"问题":question,issue,例如:台湾问题:tw?
. (dot)这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week",可以表示为"wk."
∧ 表示转折
√ 表示"好的"状态,right/good,famous/well-known,etc.
☆ 表示"重要的"状态:important,exemplary(模范的)best,outstanding,brilliant,etc.
n表示"交流"状态:exchange,mutual, etc.
&表示"和","与":and,together with,along with,accompany,along with,further more,etc.
∥ 表示"结束":end,stop,halt,bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
六、较长单词的处理办法
-ism简写为m例如:socialism Sm
-tion简 简写为n例如:standardization (标准化) stdn
-cian简 简写为o例如:technician techo
-ing简写为g例如:marketing (市场营销) MKTg
-ed简写为d例如:accepted acptd
-able/ible/ble简写为bl例如:available avbl
-ment简写为mt例如:amendment amdmt
-ize简写为z例如:recognize regz
-ful简写为fl例如:meaningful mnf
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