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马斯洛需求层次理论IV： 第四层次需求： 尊重需求

All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect,

and to respect others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and

have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to

feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at

this level can result in low self-esteem, inferiority complexes. People with low

self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again

depends on others. However, confidence, competence and achievement only need one

person and everyone else is inconsequential to one’s own success. It may be

noted, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to

improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory

externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological

imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on

both levels.

马斯洛需求层次理论V： 第五层次需求： 自我实现需求

Self-actualization is the instinctual need of humans to make the most of

their abilities and to strive to be the best they can.

In Maslow’s scheme, the final stage of psychological development comes when

the individual feels assured that his physiological, security, affiliation and

affection, self-respect, and recognition needs have been satisfied. As these

become dormant, he becomes filled with a desire to realize all of his potential

for being an effective, creative, mature human being. “What a man can be, he

must be”, is the way Maslow expresses it.

马斯洛需求层次理论不是固定模式

Maslow’s need hierarchy is set forth as a general proposition and does not

imply that everyone’s needs follow the same rigid pattern. For some people,

self-esteem seems to be a stronger motivation than love. Mussolini, for example,

alienated his closest friends by undertaking reckless military adventures to

achieve status as a conqueror. (This example can also be used to illustrate the

means-to-an-end dilemma of human motivation. That is, Mussolini may have reached

for status as a means to gaining the affection of Adolf Hitler. More will be

said about this problem later.) For some people, the need to create is often a

stronger motivation than the need for food and safety. Thus, the artist living

in poverty is a classic example of reversing the standard

hierarchy of needs. Similarly, persons who have suffered hunger or some other

deprivation for protracted periods may live happily for the rest of their lives

if only they can get enough of what they lacked. In this case, the level of

aspiration may have become permanently lowered and the higher-order, less

prepotent needs may never become active. There are also cases of people’s

martyring themselves for causes and suffering all kinds of deprivations,

particularly in the physiological, safety, and sometimes social categories, to

achieve their goals.