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文化的定义

Culture is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual,

emotional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature,

lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs. The link between

human biology and human behavior and culture is often very close, making it

difficult to clearly divide topics into one area or the other; as such, the

placement of some subjects may be based primarily on convention.

Culture consists of values, social norms, and artifacts. A culture’s values

define what it holds to be important or ethical. Closely linked are norms,

expectations of how people ought to behave, bound by tradition. Artifacts, or

material culture, are objects derived from the culture’s values, norms, and

understanding of the world.

The mainstream anthropological view of culture implies that most people

experience a strong resistance when reminded that there is an animal as well as

a spiritual aspect to human nature.

文化的定义和内涵

Culture is a complex term that consists of so many things. At the base of

culture, one would find people who live in social groups and share a way of

living which separates them from other human groups. A culture may include

rituals, religion, economic systems, language, a style of

dress, a way of cooking, and a political system. People who share a culture

typically follow the same rules and form a social society.

文化和亚文化

Every culture includes a somewhat different web of patterns and meanings:

ways of earning a living, systems of trade and government, social roles,

religions, traditions in clothing and foods and arts, expectations for behavior,

attitudes toward other cultures, and beliefs and values about all of these

activities. Within a large society, there may be many groups, with distinctly

different subcultures associated with region, ethnic origin, or social class. If

a single culture is dominant in a large region, its values may be considered

correct and may be promoted—not only by families and religious groups but also

by schools and governments. Some subcultures may arise among special social

categories (such as business executives and criminals), and some may cross

national boundaries (such as musicians and scientists).