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托夫勒观点： 权力

Alvin Toffler’s Powershift argues that the three main kinds of power are

violence, wealth, and knowledge with other kinds of power being variations of

these three (typically knowledge). Each successive kind of power represents a

more flexible kind of power. Violence can only be used negatively, to punish.

Wealth can be used both negatively (by withholding money) and positively (by

advancing/spending money). Knowledge can be used in these ways but,

additionally, can be used in a transformative way. Such examples are, sharing

knowledge on agriculture to ensure that everyone is capable of supplying himself

and his family of food; allied nations with a shared identity forming with the

spread of religious or political philosophies, or one can use knowledge as a

tactical/strategic superiority in intelligence (information gathering).

Toffler argues that the very nature of power is currently shifting.

Throughout history, power has often shifted from one group to another; however,

at this time, the dominant form of power is changing. During the Industrial

Revolution, power shifted from a nobility acting primarily through violence to

industrialists and financiers acting through wealth. Of course, the nobility

used wealth just as the industrial elite used violence, but the dominant form of

power shifted from violence to wealth. Today, a Third Wave of shifting power is

taking place with wealth being overtaken by knowledge.

哲学与政治

Philosophers have forever been concerned with political and social matters.

Not only have they asked how politics work but mainly, how they should work.

These philosophers have been concerned with the nature and justification of

political obligation and authority and the goals of political action. Although

their doctrines have differentiated, and numerous have been utopian in concept,

they have all shared the same ideas and convictions that it is the political

philosopher’s duty to distinguish between what is and what ought to be, between

existing political institutions and potentially more humane institutions.

Throughout the centuries, philosophers have debated over the moral issues

involved in the search for the ideal society. Three influential philosophers in

this field have been Plato, John Locke and Karl Marx. Their philosophies and

utopian states have continually influenced political actions and thoughts

throughout the ages.

权力的概念

Much of the recent sociological debate over power revolves around the issue

of the enabling nature of power. A comprehensive account of power can be found

in Steven Luke’s Power: A Radical View where he discusses the three dimensions

of power. Thus, power can be seen as various forms of constraint on human

action, but also as that which makes action possible, although in a limited

scope. Much of this debate is related to the works of the French philosopher

Michel Foucault (1926-1984), who sees power as “a complex strategic situation in

a given society (social setting)”. Being deeply structural, his concept involves

both constraint and enablement.

The imposition need not involve coercion (force or threat of force). Thus

“power” in the sociological sense subsumes both physical power and political

power, including many of the types listed at power. In some ways it more closely

resembles what everyday English-speakers call “influence”, although some authors

make a sharp distinction between influence as a more general concept, and power

as intended influence.