【易伯华出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-The Adolescents

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The Adolescents

A The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes three stages of adolescence.

There are early, middle and late adolescence, and each has its own developmental

tasks. Teenagers move through these tasks at their own speed depending on their

physical development and hormone levels. Although these stages are common to all

teenagers, each child will go through them in his or her own highly individual

ways.

B During the early years young people make the first attempts to leave the

dependent, secure role of a child and to establish themselves as unique

individuals, independent of their parents. Early adolescence is marked by rapid

physical growth and maturation. The focus of adolescents' self-concepts are thus

often on their physical self and their evaluation of their physical

acceptability. Early adolescence is also a period of intense conformity to

peers. 'Getting along.' not being different, and being accepted seem somehow

pressing to the early adolescent. The worst possibility, from the view of the

early adolescent, is to be seen by peers as 'different.'

C Middle adolescence is marked by the emergence of new thinking skills. The

intellectual world of the young person is suddenly greatly expanded. Their

concerns about peers are more directed toward their opposite sexed peers. It is

also during this period that the move to establish psychological independence

from one's parents accelerates. Delinquency behavior may emerge since parental

views are no longer seen as absolutely correct by adolescents. Despite some

delinquent behavior, middle adolescence is a period during which young people

are oriented toward what is right and proper. They are developing a sense of

behavioral maturity and learning to control their impulsiveness.

D Late adolescence is marked be the final preparations for adult roles. The

developmental demands of late adolescence often extend into the period that we

think of as young adulthood. Late adolescents attempt to crystallize their

vocational goals and to establish sense of personal identity. Their needs for

peer approval are diminished and they are largely psychologically independent

from their parents. The shift to adulthood is nearly complete.

E Some years ago, Professor Robert Havighurst of the University of Chicago

proposed that stages in human development can best be thought of in terms of the

developmental tasks that are part of the normal. He identified eleven

developmental tasks associated with the adolescent transition. One developmental

task an adolescent needs to achieve is to adjust to a new physical sense of

self. At no other time since birth does an individual undergo such rapid and

profound physical changes as during early adolescence. Puberty is marked by

sudden rapid growth in height and weight. Also, the young person experiences the

emergence and accentuation of those physical traits that make him or her a boy

or a girl. The effect of this rapid change is that the young adolescent often

becomes focused on his or her body.

F Before adolescence, children's thinking is dominated by a need to have a

concrete example for any problem that they solve. Their thinking is constrained

to what is real and physical. During adolescence, young people begin to

recognize and understand abstractions. The adolescent must adjust to increased

cognitive demands at school. Adults see high school in part as a place where

adolescents prepare for adult roles and responsibilities and in part as

preparatory for further education. School curricula are frequently dominated by

inclusion of more abstract, demanding material, regardless of whether the

adolescents have achieved formal thought. Since not all adolescents make the

intellectual transition at the same rate, demands for abstract thinking prior to

achievement of that ability may be frustrating.

G During adolescence, as teens develop increasingly complex knowledge systems

and a sense of self, they also adopt an integrated set of values and morals.

During the early stages of moral development, parents provide their child with a

structured set of rules of what is right and wrong, what is acceptable and

unacceptable. Eventually the adolescent must assess the parents' values as they

come into conflict with values expressed by peers and other segments of society.

To reconcile differences, the adolescent restructures those beliefs into a

personal ideology.

H The adolescent must develop expanded verbal skills. As adolescents mature

intellectually, as they face increased school demands, and as they prepare for

adult roles, they must develop new verbal skills to accommodate more complex

concepts and tasks. Their limited language of childhood is no longer adequate.

Adolescents may appear less competent because of their inability to express

themselves meaningfully.

I The adolescent must establish and psychological independence from his or

her parents. Childhood is marked by strong dependence on one's parents.

Adolescents may yearn to keep that safe, secure, supportive, dependent

relationship. Yet, to be an adult implies a sense of independence, of autonomy,

of being one's own person. Adolescents may vacillate between their desire for

dependence and their need to be independent. In an attempt to assert their need

for independence and individuality, adolescents may respond with what appears to

be hostility and lack of cooperation.

J Adolescents do not progress through these multiple developmental tasks

separately. At any given time, adolescents may be dealing with several. Further,

the centrality of specific developmental tasks varies with early, middle, and

late periods of the transition.

Questions 1-6

Matching the following characteristics with the correct stages of the

adolescents. Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer

sheet.

A. early adolescence

B. middle adolescence

C. later adolescence

1. interested in the opposite sex

2. exposure to danger

3. the same as others

4. beginning to form individual thinking without family context

5. less need approval of friends

6. intellectual booming

Questions 7-10

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.

Write the correct letters, A-F, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

7. One of Havighurst's research

8. High school courses

9. Adolescence is time when young people

10. The developmental speed of thinking patterns

List of the statements

A. form personal identity with a set of moral and values.

B. develops a table and productive peer relationships.

C. are designed to be more challenging than some can accept.

D. varies from people to people.

E. focuses on creating self image.

F. become an extension of their parents.

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

11. The adolescent lacks the ability of thinking abstractly.

12. Adolescents may have deficit in their language ability.

13. The adolescent experiences a transition from reliance on his parents to

independence.