【易伯华出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-纸张和电脑

2024-04-26

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Paper or Computer?

A Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn't

happened. Every country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a

per-capita basis, than it did ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated

free-sheet paper, for instance — the most common kind of office paper — rose

almost fifteen per cent in the United States between 1995 and 2000 This is

generally taken as evidence of how hard it is to eradicate old, wasteful habits

and of how stubbornly resistant we are to the efficiencies offered by

computerization. A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts,

however, don't agree Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons:

when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many

advantages over computers The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk —

or the spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking fj through notes scribbled

on paper strips — arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper

plays in our lives.

B The case for paper is mode most eloquently in "The Myth of the Paperless

Office", by two social scientists. Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper. They begin

their book with an account of a study they conducted at the International

Monetary Fund, in Washington. D.C. economists at the I.M.F. spend most of their

time writing reports on complicated economic questions, work that would seem to

be perfectly suited to sitting in front of a computer. Nonetheless, the I.M.F.

is awash in paper, and Sellen and Harper wanted to find out why. Their answer is

that the business of reports — at least at the I M F. — is an intensely

collaborative process, the professional judgments and contributions of many

people. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference rooms, spread out

the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other. They go back to their

offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the freedom

offered by the informality of the handwritten note. Then they deliver the

annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the

suggested changes. At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the

pages with comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer —

moving the pages around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and

discarding.

C Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would

be much more difficult. According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set

of "affordances" — that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses. Paper

is tangible: we can pick up a document, flip through it, read little bits here

and there, and quickly get a sense of it. Paper is spatially flexible, meaning

that we can spread it out and arrange it in the way that suits us best. And it's

tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we read, without

altering the original text. Digital documents, of course, have their own

affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, remotely, and linked

to other relevant material. But they lack the affordances that really matter to

a group of people working together on a report. Sellen and Harper write:

D Paper enables a certain kind of thinking. Picture, for instance, the top of

your desk. Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one

side, and a clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair.

What covers the rest of the desktop is probably piles — piles of papers,

journals, magazines, binders, postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts

of the knowledge economy. The piles look like o mess, but they aren't. When a

group at Apple Computer studied piling behavior several years ago, they found

that even the most disorderly piles usually make perfect sense to the piles, and

that office workers could hold forth in great detail about the precise history

and meaning of their piles. The pile closest to the cleared,

eighteen-inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most

business, and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to

be at the top. Piles are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken

down and resorted, sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and

sometimes chronologically and thematically; clues about certain documents may be

physically embedded in the file by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an

angle or inserting dividers into the stack.

E But why do we pile documents instead of filing them? Because piles

represent the process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologist Alison Kidd,

whose research Sellen and Harper refer to extensively, argues that "knowledge

workers" use the physical space of the desktop to hold "ideas which they cannot

yet categorize or even decide how they might use" The messy desk is not

necessarily a sign of disorganization. It may be a sign of complexity: those who

deal with many unresolved ideas simultaneously cannot sort and file the papers

on their desks, because they haven't yet sorted and filed the ideas in their

head. Kidd writes that many of the people she talked to use the papers on their

desks as contextual cues to "recover a complex set of threads without difficulty

and delay" when they come in on a Monday morning, or after their work has been

interrupted by a phone call. What we see when we look at the piles on our desks

is, in a sense, the contents of our brains.

F This idea that paper facilitates a highly specialized cognitive and social

process is a far cry from the way we have historically thought about the stuff.

Paper first began to proliferate in the workplace in the late nineteenth century

as part of the move toward "systematic management." To cope with the complexity

of the industrial economy, managers were instituting company-wide policies and

demanding monthly, weekly, or even daily updates from their subordinates. Thus

was born the monthly sales report, and the office manual and the internal

company newsletter. The typewriter took off in the eighteen-eighties, making it

possible to create documents in a fraction of the time it had previously taken,

and that was followed closely by the advent of carbon paper, which meant that a

typist could create ten copies of that document simultaneously. Paper was

important not to facilitate creative collaboration and thought but as an

instrument of control.

Questions 27-32

The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.

Write the correct number, i-x. in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i. paper continued as a sharing or managing must

ii. piles can be more inspiring rather than disorgansing

iii. Favorable situation that economists used paper pages

iv. overview of an unexpected situation: paper survived

v. comparison between efficiencies for using paper and using computer

vi. IMF' paperless office seemed to be a waste of papers

vii. example of failure for avoidance of paper record

viii. There are advantages of using a paper in offices

ix. piles reflect certain characteristics in people' s thought

x. joy of having the paper square in front of computer

1. Paragraph A

2. Paragraph B

3. Paragraph C

4. Paragraph D

5. Paragraph E

6. Paragraph G

Questions 33-36 Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no

more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your

answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Compared with digital documents, paper has several advantages. First it

allows clerks to work in a____33____way among colleagues. Next, paper is not

like virtual digital versions, it's____34____. Finally, because it

is____35____note or comments can be effortlessly added as related information.

However, shortcoming comes at the absence of convenience on task which is for

a____36____.

Question 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

Write your answer in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37 What do the economists from IMF say that their way of writing

documents?

A they note down their comments for freedom on the drafts

B they finish all writing individually

C they share ideas on before electronic version was made

D they use electronic version fully

38 What is the implication of the "Piles" mentioned in the passage?

A they have underlying orders

B they are necessarily a mess

C they are in time sequence order

D they are in alphabetic order

39 What does the manager believe in sophisticated economy?

A recorded paper can be as management tool

B carbon paper should be compulsory

C Teamwork is the most important

D monthly report is the best way

40 According to the end of this passage, what is the reason why paper is not

replaced by electronic vision?

A paper is inexpensive to buy

B it contributed to management theories in western countries

C people need time for changing their old habit

D it is collaborative and functional for tasks implement and management

文章题目：纸张还是电脑？

篇章结构

体裁

论说文

题目

纸张还是电脑？

结构

A：总述纸张仍然存在,并且没有被电脑代替的事实

B: 经济学家运用纸张的这种现状

C: 在办公室使用纸张的一些好处

D：堆积会更启发灵感而不是杂乱

E：堆积会反映人们思考的特点

F：纸张继续作为分享和管理的必不可少的物质

试题分析

Question 1-。。。

题目类型：

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

Computer replace

Paper

A段前两句

A段前两句说纸张没有被电脑科技代替，后几句接着说了现在纸张用的量还在增加，并且说明了为什么纸张存在的合理性。所以只有iv. overview of an unexpected

situation—paper survived.这一选项概括了A段的意思。

IMF. Is awash in paper

B段第三句

B段首先讲了两个社会学家的无纸化办公的理论，但是从第三句开始一直在讲在国际货币基金组织里面纸张被使用的现状，所以对应iii选项.

Affordance

Tangible

tailorable

C段第二三四句开头

C段开头说如果没有纸张，写作变得困难，然后继续说纸张有很多功能可见性比如纸张是有形的，纸张可以修改。所以对应选项viii.

Piles aren’t

mess

D段第三句

D段第三句说堆积不是杂乱，后几句说的是研究表明看似杂乱的堆积其实是有规律的。对应选项ii.

Piles represent

active

E段前两句

E段第一句先提出问题，为什么将文件摞起来而不是归档？然后第二句回答说摞放表示动态的思考过程所以选ix.

Important instrument

Control

F段尾句

F段最后总结说，纸张不是在创造性的集体写作方面重要，而是在作为控制手段时显得格外重要。所以对应选项i.

Advantage

way colleagues

C段首句

根据advantage我们知道这是在讲第三段的内容，根据way 和colleague 可知要选的是描述纸张是什么样的方式来在工作中起作用。所以是collaborative和iterative。

not like digital

version

C段第三句

这个空是和digital version的比较，第三句说pick

Up 和flip都是比较，所以是tangible可见的。

Note comment

added

C段第五句

Annotate和scribble都对应 Note and comment

Added，所以是tailorable 。

Shortcoming

C段最后一句

对应C段最后一句说到了缺点并且题中还有一个a ，所以应该是 group of people。

Economist

IMF

Writing

Documents

B 段最后一句

根据 IMF和economists定位到第二段，正确选项是对应到最后一句话At the end of the process，…start to enter them on computer…所以对应C选项。A选项说note for freedom与原文有出入，B的finish individually与段落的第四句意思相反，文中说的是这个过程是合作的。D选项的use electronic version fully 显然和文中相反，文中说到也用纸张。

Piles

D段第5、6句

文中说堆积看起来很乱，其实不然，通过研究表明，即使最乱的堆积也有摆放者自己的思路。所以对应A选型，underlying order 潜在的顺序

Manager sophisticated

Economy

F段第三句

根据manager和economy定位到F段第三句，说的是经理制定了全公司范围的制度，并且要求按时汇报工作进程。所以对应A选项。

Reason

paper

Not replaced

F段最后一句

F段最后一句提到了paper is important…所以就是答案，说到了纸张作为控制手段的重要性，对应D选项。