【易伯华出品】雅思阅读机经真题解析-探测陨石湖

2024-04-26

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Detection

of a meteorite Lake

As the sun rose over picturesque Lake

Bosumtwi, a team of Syracuse University prepared for another day of using

state-of-the-art equipment to help unlock the mysteries hidden below the lake

bottom. Nestled in the heart of Ghana, the lake holds an untapped reservoir

of information that could help scientists predict future climate changes by

looking at evidence from the past. This information will also improve the

scientist’s understanding of the changes that occur in a region stuck by a

massive meteorite.

The project, led by earth sciences

professor Christopher Scholz of the College of Arts and Sciences and funded

by the National Science Foundation (NSF), is the first large-scale effort to

study Lake Bosumtwi, Earth’s surface. The resulting crater is one of the

largest an most well-preserved geologically young craters in the world, says

Scholz, who is collaborating on the project with researchers from the

University of South Carolina, the University of Rhode Island, and several

Ghanaian institutions. “Our data should provide information about what

happens when an impact hits hard, pre-Cambrian, crystalline rocks that are a

billion years old”, he says.

Equally important is the fact that the

lake, which is about 8 kilometers in diameter, has no natural outlet. The rim

of the crater rises about 240 meters above the water’s surface. Streams flow

into the lake, Scholz says, but the water leaves only by evaporation, or by

seeping through the lake sediments. For the past million years, the lake has

acted as a tropical rain gauge, filling and drying with changes in

precipitation and the tropical climate. The record of those changes is hidden

in sediment below the lake bottom. “The lake is one of the best sites in the

world for the study of tropical climate change,”Scholz says. “The tropics are

the heart engine for the Earth’s climate. To understand global climate, we

need to have records of climate changes from many sites around the world,

including the tropics.”

Before the researchers could explore the

lake’s surface, they need a boat with a large, working deck area that could

carry eight tons of scientific equipment. The boat-dubbed R/V Kilindi-was built

in Florida last year. It was constructed in modules that were dismantled,

packed inside a shipping container, and reassembled over a 10-day period in

late November and early December 1999 in the rural village of Abono, Ghana.

The research team then spent the next two weeks testing the boat and

equipment before returning to the United States for the holidays.

In mid-January, five members of the

team-Keely Brooks, an earth sciences graduate student; Peter Cattaneo, a

research analyst; and Kiram Lezzar, a postdoctoral scholar, all from SU;

James McGill, a geophysical filed engineer; and Nick Peters, a Ph.D. Student

in geophysics from the University of Miami-returned to Abono to begin

collecting data about the lake’s subsurface using a technique called seismic

reflection profiling. In this process, a high-pressure air gun is used to

create small, pneumatic explosions in the water. The sound energy penetrates

about 1,000 to 2,000 meters into the lake’s subsurface before bouncing back

to the surface of the water.

The reflected sound energy is detected by

underwater microphones-called hydrophones-embedded in a 50-meter long cable

that is towed behind the boat as it crosses the lake in a carefully designed

grid pattern. On-board computers record the signals, and the resulting data

are then processed and analyzed in the laboratory.” The results will give us

a good idea of the shape of the basin, how thick the layer of sediment are,

and when and where there were major changes in sediment accumulation,” Scholz

says, “we are now developing three-dimensional perspective of the lake’s

subsurface and the layers of sediment that have been laid down.”

Team members spent about four weeks in

Ghana collecting the data. They worked seven days a week, arriving at the

lake just after sunrise. On a good day, when everything went as planned, the

team could collect data and be back at the dock by early afternoon. Except

for a new relatively minor adjustments, the equipment and the boat worked

well. Problems that arose were primarily non-scientific-tree stumps, fishing

nets, cultural barriers, and occasional misunderstandings with local

villagers.

Lake Bosumtwi, the largest natural

freshwater lake in the country, is scared to the Ashanti people, who believe

their souls come to the lake to bid farewell to their god. The lake is also

the primary source of fish for the 26 surrounding villages. Conventional

canoes and boats are forbidden. Fishermen travel on the lake by floating on

traditional planks they propel with small paddles. Before the research

project could begin, Scholz and his Ghanaian counterparts had to secure

special permission form tribal chiefs to put the R/V Kilindi on the lake.

When the team began gathering data, rumors

flew around the lake as to why the researchers were there. “Some thought we

were dredging the lake for gold, others thought we were going to drain lake

or that we had bought the lake,” Cattaneo says, “But once the local people

understood why we were there, they were very helpful.”

Question 14-18

Do the following statements

agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write

TURE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the

passage

14. With the investigation of the lake,

scientist may predict the climate changes in the future.

15. The crater resulted from a

meteorite impact is the largest and most preserved one in the world.

16. The water stored in Lake Bosumtwi

was gone only by seeping through the lake sediments.

17. Historical climate changes can be

detected by the analysis of the sediment in the lake.

18. The greatest obstacle to research

of scientists had been the interference by the locals due to their indigenous

believes.

Question 19-22

There

are three steps of collecting data from the lake as followings, please filling

in the blanks in the Flow Chart below:

Question 23-27

Summary

Complete

the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no

more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write

your answers in boxes 23-27 on your

answer sheet.

The boat-double R/V Kilindi crossed the

lake was dismantled and stored in a ___23___. The technology they used called

___24___; they created sound energy in to 1000-2000 metres in to the bottom of

the lake, and separated equipment to collect the returned waves. Then the data

had been analyzed and processed in the ___25___. Scholz also added that they

were now building ___26___ view of the sediment or sub-image in the bottom of the

lake. Whole set of equipment works well yet the ship should avoid physical

barrier including tree stumps or ___27____ floating on the surface on the lake.

篇章结构

体裁

论说文

题目

陨石湖底回声探测

结构

A段：利用陨石湖底回声进行探测的时间和地点。

B段：利用陨石湖底回声进行探测的重要条件。

C段：为了更好地研究全球气候，人们需要收集全世界很多不同地方的气候变化的记录，包括热带。

D段：研究者们建造了一艘名为R/V KIlindi的船来探索博苏穆图湖的表层。

E段：众多学者通过地震反射成像来收集湖面表层的数据。

F段：学者在实验室通过处理和分析收集到的数据可以帮助研

究盆地的形状，湖底沉积物的厚度，以及在沉积物积累

的过程中这些主要的变化时在什么时候什么地方发生的

G段：收集数据的过程以及碰到的一些问题。

H段：研究者们需要从部落的首领那里获得特批才能把R/VKilindi船放入博苏穆图湖中进行探测。

I段：大家对在博苏穆图湖中行驶的R/VKilindi船众说纷纭。

试题分析

Question 1-陨石湖底回声探测

题目类型：论说文

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

Predict;

future climate changes

A段第二句

A段第一句指出，学者用前沿的设备研究湖底的秘密，之后又提到这个秘密是关系到如何利用湖底未被开发的巨大信息量来预测天气变化，说法与14题一致。

故本题答案是True.

giant meteor; resulting crater

B段第一句和第二句

B段第一句和第二句指出，一个大的流星跟地球碰撞，形成的坑是最大的也是保存最完好的坑其中之一而已，但并没有说是最大的和保存最好的。

故本题答案是Not Given.

Water

leaves, seep

C段第三句

C段第三句指出，小溪穿过湖泊，然而水却可以通过蒸发或者通过渗透进湖底沉积岩消失。而题中说，只能通过渗透进湖底沉积岩的方式。

故本题答案是False.

Climate

changes; hidden; sediment

C段第四句和第五句

C段第四句和第五句指出，天气变化可以通过湖底隐藏的沉积岩来判断。

故本题答案是True.

The

local people

I段最后一句话

I段最后一句指出，Cattaneo说道：“当本地人了解我们来的原因时，他们就开始很热心地帮忙。”，这跟题目中说的意思刚好相反。

故本题答案是False.

explosion

E段倒数第二句话

E段倒数第二句指出，在这个过程中，他们用一个高压气枪在水里引发小型爆破。

故本题答案是(high pressure) air gun.

Penetrate;

bounce

E段最后一句话

E段中最后一句指出，声音产生的能量在反射回来之前会穿过湖面下大约1000到2000米。

故本题答案是sound energy/sound wave.

50-meter-long

F段第一句话

F段第一句指出，反射回来的声音通过水下镶嵌在50米长的电线中的麦克风探测。

故本题答案是cable.

embedded

F段第一句话

F段第一句指出，反射回来的声音通过水下镶嵌在50米长的电线中的麦克风探测。

故本题答案是hydrophones/underwater microphones.

Dismantle

and pack

D段第三句话

D段第三句中指出，去年，他们在佛罗里达州建造了一艘名为R/V KIlindi的船，它是在1999年11月末12月初废弃的集装箱内用了10天的时间在加纳的Abono郊区重新组装完成的。

故本题答案是ship container.

technique

E段第一句话

E段第一句指出，在1月中旬，小组的5个成员——来自SU的三位成员地球科学研究生Keely Brooks，研究分析员Peter Cattaneo，博士后学者Kiram Lezzar以及地质物理学工程师James McGill和来自迈阿密大学的地质物理学工程师Nick Peter 博士回到Abono开始通过地震反射成像收集湖面表层的数据。

故本题答案是seismic reflection profiling.

Analyze

and process

F段第二句话

F段第二句指出，船上的电脑记录收集到的几号，然后信号被带到实验室进行处理和分析。

故本题答案是laboratoty.

Perspective

F段最后一句话

F段最后一句指出，Scholz说道，“。。。我们正在建立三维的湖面结构以及沉积层的结构。”

故本题答案是three-dimensional.

Problems,

tree stumps

G段最后一句话

G段最后一句指出，问题主要存在于非科技方面，比方说树桩，渔网，文化障碍以及他们和当地村民偶尔的误解。

故本题答案是fishing nets.

参考译文：

A:当太阳从如花的博苏穆图湖面上升起，Syracuse 大学的研究学者们正准备在新的一天用最尖端的设备来解开深藏在湖底的谜团。博苏穆图湖坐落在加纳的中心位置，蕴含着很多未知的讯息，通过对该湖过往的观察可以帮助科学家预测未来的气候变化，以及对被巨大陨石撞击过的地区的变化。

B: College

of Arts and Sciences 地球科学系的教授Christopher Scholz 负责这个勘察项目，该项目是由National Science Foundation（NSF）提供资金支持的，也是第一个大规模研究这个110万年前由巨大的流星撞击地球表面形成的湖的项目。据Scholz称，这次撞击形成的火山口是世界上最大也是保存最完整的年轻的火山，Scholz正和来自亚利桑那大学，南加利福尼亚大学，罗德岛大学以及几家加纳的研究机构的学者一起探索博苏穆图湖之谜，他们致力于弄明白在前寒武纪当流星猛烈撞击地球表面那些10亿年前形成的结晶岩时发生了什么。

C: 另一个同样重要的事实是这个直径达8公里的湖没有天然的出口，火山口的边缘高出湖面大约250米。Scholz发现，溪流汇入湖中，但是水通过蒸发和从湖内沉淀中渗透而流失。在过去的几百万年中，博苏穆图湖作为热带雨量的测量器，湖水量的变化和降雨量以及热带气候密切相关。这些变化的记录藏在湖底的沉淀物中，Scholz认为博苏穆图湖是世界上最适合研究热带气候变化的地方，而热带是地球气候的加热器。为了更好地研究全球气候，人们需要收集全世界很多不同地方的气候变化的记录，包括热带。

D: 在研究者探索湖的表层时，他们需要一艘船，船上需要有足够的工作空间来装载8吨重的科学设备。去年，他们在佛罗里达州建造了一艘名为R/V KIlindi的船，它是在1999年11月末12月初废弃的集装箱内用了10天的时间在加纳的Abono郊区重新组装完成的。研究小组在接下来的两周时间测试了这艘船及上面的设备，这些完成之后他们才返回美国休假。

E: 在1月中旬，小组的5个成员——来自SU的三位成员地球科学研究生Keely Brooks，研究分析员Peter Cattaneo，博士后学者Kiram Lezzar以及地质物理学工程师James McGill和来自迈阿密大学的地质物理学工程师Nick Peter 博士回到Abono开始通过地震反射成像收集湖面表层的数据。在这个过程中，他们用一个高压气枪在水里引发小型爆破。声音产生的能量在反射回来之前会穿过湖面下大约1000到2000米。

F: 反射回来的声音通过水下镶嵌在50米长的电线中的麦克风探测，电线吊在船的后面，当船穿过湖面的时候，通过精心设计的固定模式收集信号。船上的电脑记录收集到的几号，然后信号被带到实验室进行处理和分析。Scholz说道，“研究结果可以帮助我们更好地研究盆地的形状，湖底沉积物的厚度，以及在沉积物积累的过程中这些主要的变化时在什么时候以及在什么地方发生的，我们正在建立三维的湖面结构以及沉积层的结构。”

G: 小组成员在加纳花了约4周的时间收集数据，一周工作七天，太阳刚升起来他们就已经到达湖边开始工作。在天气晴朗的时候，所有的事情都能按计划顺利进行完，他们在下午把收集到的数据带回到码头。除了几次相关的微小的调整外，船和其上的设备运作良好。问题主要存在于非科技方面，比方说树桩，渔网，文化障碍以及他们和当地村民偶尔的误解。

H: 博苏穆图湖是国内最大的天然淡水湖，对Ashanti人来说是很神圣的，因为他们相信，他们的灵魂会到湖里向他们的神明致敬。博苏穆图湖还是周边26个村庄捕鱼的主要场所，与传统的独木舟和小船是禁止在湖面上航行的。渔民通过传统的木板在湖面上来往，使用小型的船桨。在研究项目开始前，Scholz和加纳的同伴要从部落的首领那里获得特批才能把R/VKilindi船放入湖中。

I: 当小组开始收集数据的时候，关于研究者为什么在湖面上的谣言四起。Cattaneo说：“一开始有的人以为我们再湖里找金子，还有一些人一位我们再疏通湖水，或是我们把这个湖买下来了。但是，当他们了解到我们来的原因时，他们就开始很热心地帮忙。

参考答案：

Version 22306 主题湖底回声探测

TRUE

NOT GIVEN

FALSE

TURE

FALSE

(high-pressure) air gun

sound energy/sound wave

cable

hydrophones/