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You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading

Passage below.

For more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to

identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration

culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated

rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.

A

Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies

heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still

major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities. There is a

need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems

and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of

poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures to

improve their livelihoods.

B

On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only 30 percent of

rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very

costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these

interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts

environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network

is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number

of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural

communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and

policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical

knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this

alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.

C

One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and

mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and

opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets

where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential

services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women

and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most

basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be

used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas

to generate much needed income.

D

Road Building

Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water

and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is

understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural

communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport

infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural

roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is

to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers

can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care,

education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing

improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.

E

Driving forward new ideas

Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and

honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business

use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to

markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can cam a decent

income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical

Action's know-how. Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service

and maintain the roads along which it travels. The impact has been remarkable.

This service has put an end to rural people's social isolation Quick and

affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town, and now

their children can get an education, making it far more likely they'll find a

path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national

and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based

on action research arc carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka

Organic Agriculture Movement.

F

Sky-scraping transport system

For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in

order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep

that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are

expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so

long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical

Action have developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can

cither operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The

ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a

control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The

trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled

down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external

power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards

automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if

access to an electricity grid is not an option.

G

Bringing people on board

Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached

via a hitch behind the scat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up

to around 200kgs) of food, water or even passengers. People can now carry three

tunes as much as before and still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used

for transporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobile shops, and

even as mobile libraries. They are made in small village workshops from iron

tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilled to make the frame and wheels.

Modifications are also carried out to the trailers in these workshops at the

request of the buyers. The two-wheeled 'ambulance' is made from moulded metal,

with standard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be padded with cushions

to make the patient comfortable, while the "seat" section allows a family member

to attend to patient during transit. A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the

ambulance trailer, so that other community members do not need to go without the

bicycles they depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows for

easy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, a cover has been

designed that can be added to give protection to the patient and attendant in

poor weather Made of treated cotton, the cover is durable and waterproof.

Questions 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading

Passage1?

In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1. A slow developing economy often cannot afford some road networks

especially for those used regardless weather conditions.

2. Rural communities' officials know how to improve alternative transport

technically.

3. The primary aim for Practical Action to improve rural transport

infrastructures is meant to increase the trade among villages.

4. Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement provided service that Practical Action

highly involved in.

Questions 5-8

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each

answer.

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

1. WHAT is the first duty for many rural communities to reach unrestricted

development?

2. WHAT was one of the new ideas to help poor people carry their goods, such

as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale?

3. WHAT service has put an end to rural people's social isolation in Sri

Lanka?

4. WHAT solution had been applied for people who live in remote, mountainous

areas getting food to market?

Questions 9-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no

more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers

in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Besides normal transport task, changes are also implemented to the trailers

in these workshops at the request of the buyers when it was used on medical

emergency or a moveable 9 ; 'Ambulance' is made from metal, with rubber wheels

and drive by another bicycle. When put with 10 in the two-wheeled 'ambulance',

the patient can stay comfortable and which another 11 can sit on caring for

patient in transport journey. In order to dismantle or attach other equipment,

an assembling 12 is designed. Later, as user's suggest, 13 has also been added

to give a protection to the patient.

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