【易伯华独家】雅思阅读全真模考题:淡水危机

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Crisis! Fresh Water

You

should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading

Passage below.

A

As in New Delhi and Phoenix, policymakers

worldwide wield great power over how water resources are managed. Wise use of

such power will become increasingly important as the years go by because the

world's demand for freshwater is currently overtaking its ready supply in

many places, and this situation shows no sign of abating.

B

That the problem is well-known makes it no

less disturbing: today one out of six people, more than a billion, suffer

inadequate access to safe freshwater. By 2025, according to data released by

the United Nations, the freshwater resources of more than half the countries

across the globe will undergo either stress—for example, when people

increasingly demand more water than is available or safe for use —or outright

shortages. By midcentury as much as three quarters of the earth's population

could face scarcities of freshwater.

C

Scientists expect water scarcity to become

more common in large part because the world's population is rising and many

people are getting richer (thus expanding demand) and because global climate

change is exacerbating aridity and reducing supply in many regions. What is

more, many water sources are threatened by faulty waste disposal, releases of

industrial pollutants, fertilizer runoff and coastal influxes of saltwater

into aquifers as groundwater is depleted.

D

Because lack of access to water can lead to

starvation, disease, political instability and even armed conflict, failure

to take action can have broad and grave consequences. Fortunately, to a great

extent, the technologies and policy tools required to conserve existing

freshwater and to secure more of it are known among which several seem

particularly effective. What is needed now is action. Governments and

authorities at every level have to formulate and execute concrete plans for

implementing the political, economic and technological measures that can

ensure water security now and in the coming decades.

E

The world's water problems requires, as a

start, an understanding of how much freshwater each person requires, along

with knowledge of the factors that impede supply and increase demand in

different parts of the world. Malin Falkenmark of the Stockholm International

Water Institute and other experts estimate that, on average, each person on

the earth needs a minimum of 1,000 cubic meters (m3) of water .The minimum

water each person requires for drinking, hygiene and growing food. The volume

is equivalent to two fifths of an Olympic-size swimming pool.

F

Much of the Americas and northern Eurasia

enjoy abundant water supplies. But several regions are beset by greater or

lesser degrees of "physical" scarcity —whereby demand exceeds local

availability. Other areas, among them Central Africa, parts of the Indian

subcontinent and Southeast Asia, contend with "economic" water

scarcity, where lack of technical training, bad governments or weak finances

limit access even though sufficient supplies are available.

G

More than half of the precipitation that

falls on land is never available for capture or storage because it evaporates

from the ground or transpires from plants; this fraction is called green

water. The remainder channels into so-called blue-water sources—rivers,

lakes, wetlands and aquifers—that people can tap directly. Farm irrigation

from these free-flowing bodies is the biggest single human use of freshwater.

Cities and industries consume only tiny amounts of total freshwater

resources, but the intense local demand they create often drains the

surroundings of ready supplies.

H

Lots of Water, but not always where it is

needed one hundred and ten thousand cubic kilometers of precipitation, nearly

10 times the volume of Lake Superior, falls from the sky onto the earth's

land surface every year. This huge quantity would be enough to easily fulfill

the requirements of everyone on the planet if the water arrived where and

when people needed it. But much of it cannot be captured (top), and the rest

is distributed unevenly (bottom). Green water (61.1% of total

precipitation*): absorbed by soil and plants, then released back into the

air; unavailable for withdrawal. Blue water (38.8% of total precipitation*):

collected in rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater; available for

withdrawal before it evaporates or reaches the ocean. These figures may not

add up to 100% because of rounding. Only 1.5% is directly used by people.

I

Waters run away in tremendous wildfires in

recent years. The economic actors had all taken their share reasonably

enough; they just did not consider the needs of the natural environment,

which suffered greatly when its inadequate supply was reduced to critical

levels by drought. The members of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission are now

frantically trying to extricate themselves from the disastrous results of

their misallocation of the total water resource. Given the difficulties of

sensibly apportioning the water supply within a single nation, imagine the

complexities of doing so for international river basins such as that of the

Jordan River, which borders on Lebanon, Syria, Israel, the Palestinian areas

and Jordan, all of which have claims to the shared, but limited, supply in an

extremely parched region. The struggle for freshwater has contributed to

civil and military disputes in the area. Only continuing negotiations and

compromise have kept this tense situation under control.

Questions

1-5

Do the following

statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In

boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet,

write

TRUE if

the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if

the information is not given in the passage

1. The

prospect for the need for the freshwater worldwide is obscure.

2. To some

extent, the challenge for the freshwater is alleviated by the common

recognition.

3. Researchers

arrive at the water crisis based on persuasive consideration of several

factors.

4. The

fact that people do not actually cherish the usage of water also contributes to

the water scarcity.

5. Controversy

can't be avoided for adjacent nations over the water resource.

Questions 6-10

The reading

Passage has eleven paragraphs A-I

Which paragraph

contains the following information?

Write the correct

letter A-I, in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet

NB you may use any letter more than once

6. the

uneven distribution of water around the world

7. other

factors regarding nature bothering people who make the policies

8. joint

efforts needed to carry out the detailed solutions combined with various

aspects

9. no

always-in-time match available between the requirements and the actual rainfall

10. the

lower limit of the amount of freshwater for a person to survive

Questions 11-13

Summary

Complete the

following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No

More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write

your answers in boxes 11-13 on your

answer sheet.

Many severe

problems like starvation and military actions etc. result from the shortage of

water which sometimes for some areas seems 11 because of unavailability but other regions suffer other kind of

scarcity for insufficient support. 12 of the rainfall can't be achieved because of evaporation. Some other

parts form the 13 which can be used immediately. Water to irrigate the farmland takes

a considerable amount along with the use for cities and industries and the

extended need from the people involved.

文章题目：Crisis！Fresh Water

篇章结构：

体裁：

论说文

主题：

淡水资源紧缺

结构：

A段：提出问题，点明淡水资源供小于求的情况

B段：数据预测未来缺水情形

C段：导致缺水预期普遍化的几个因素

D段：保护水资源需要采取的行动

E段：了解水资源问题1首先要了解个人淡水需求量

Ｆ段：了解水资源问题2其次要了解世界不同地方阻碍淡水供应因素（如：物理缺水，经济缺水等，即缺水类型）

G段：了解水资源问题3 可利用降水量少，本地需求大

H段： 3 降水量时空分布不均，可利用降水占比少

Ｉ段：合理分配水资源的困难

试题解析：

Questions 1-5:

l 题目类型：True/False/Not Given题型——是非题

题号

答案

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

1

F

need

for freshwater

A段最后一句

demand

for freshwater

1，选项：未来对水的需求预期不清楚 F

2，是非题往往存在顺序性，本题在原文中对应比较靠前

3，根据题目中的关键词定位到原文A段最后一句

4，精读：原文中说目前很多地方对淡水的需求量超过供应量，并且这种情况没有显示出减弱的迹象。

5，困惑点预判：虽然前半句currently说的是目前，和题目题目中prospect貌似不符，但是后半句有提到没有减弱迹象。所以未来对淡水需求依旧庞大。

2

F

common

recognition

B段第一句

That

the problem is well-known

1，选项：从某种程度上来说，对水资源短缺的共识弱化了它所带来的挑战 F

2，B 段第一句表明，尽管这个问题众所周知，但它还是令人不安。

3，关键：否定词no less

3

T

Researchers

arrive at

C段第一句

Scientists

expect…because..and because…what’s more

1，选项：研究人员基于对几种因素的深刻考虑得出了关于水危机的明确结论 T

2，C段第一句讲到Scientists expect water

scarcity to become more common in large part 对应题目中的specific conclusion；based

on对应because；several factors对应because…and

because..what’s more

3，tips：注意表并列的关联词

4

Not

Given

Water

scarcity

C段第一句

Scientists

expect water scarcity to become

1，选项：人们不珍惜水资源同样导致了水资源短缺 Not Given

2，C段中给出了导致water scarcity的几种原因，1，getting richer 2，global

climate change 3，faulty

waste disposal 4，industrial pollutants 5，fertilizer

runoff 6，saltwater water into aquifer 并没有提到人们不珍惜用水

5

T

Adjacent

nations

I段第四句

…which

borders on…all of which have claims to the shared

1，选项：邻国之间就水危机的争论难以避免 T

2，I段第三句说Given

the difficulties…within a single nation...imagine the complexities…for international

river basins such as…这句话中Given表让步，单个国家已经够难了，可见国际间的会更难，后面的例子又说几个相邻的国家（which have claims to the

shared…）之间存在struggle for freshwater

以及only等词都在强调解决争端的不易

Questions 6-10:

l 题目类型：Matching题型——从属关系搭配题

题号

答案

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

6

F、H

Uneven distribution

H段第三句

Is

distributed uneveny

1，选项：世界范围内水的不均衡分布

2，Matching题第一题的答案往往比较靠后

3，H段前半段主要讲降水的时空分布不均

原文：But Much of it cannot be

captured(top),and the rest is distributed unevenly(bottom).

4，F段第一句

Much

of 。。abundant。。But。。。

前后句转折的关系表明前后两地水量截然相反，分布不均衡，对应题目中Uneven distribution

5，疑点：H段中所指为precipitation能否等同于题干中water

7

I

Other factors

Regarding nature

Ｉ段第二句

Needs

Of Natural environment

1，选项：其他困扰决策者的自然因素

2，由other

factors结合篇章布局大概能推出对应内容更有可能在文章后半部分，I段首句提到wildfire这一小自然因素，快读圈定本段

3， 精读：第一句：具体例子wildfire导致干涸，第二句观点句：didn’t consider…

本句话中表明这些决策者并没有考虑自然环境相关需求regarding nature，紧接着下文给例子，说某位决策者试图摆脱分配不当当值的后果和bothering对应

8

D

Joint efforts

D段最后一句 at every level

1，选项：实施和多方面相关的解决方案需要共同努力

2，D段最后一句和题目中的句子就是一个同义改写

Joint

efforts——t every level

Detailed

solutions——Concrete plans

Aspects——political,economic

and ,technological

9

H

No always-in-time

rainfall

H段第二句

Not

always where…where and when

1，选项：实际降雨量和需求量在时间上并不总是相匹配

2，定位：Rainfall是ＧＨ两段的主要讨论对象，由rainfall快速圈定范围，再有H段首句not

always 和题目中的No always-in-time 类似

3，解析：精读H段第一句发现只说到地点分布不均匀，并未提及时间上的不对等，继续到第二句。有if+arrived…where and when表虚拟，以及后面的But转折都能看出实际上地点和时间分布都不均匀

10

G

Lower

limit

amount

for a Person

E段第二句

a

minimum of.

1，选项：选项：个体生存所需要的淡水量下限

2，Amount…for a Person是E段的主要讨论对象，圈定段落后扫读lower limit，第二句中出现同义改写：a minimum of..说的是专家预测，每个人至少需要1000立方的水

Questions 11-13:

l 题目类型：Summary题型——摘要填空题

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

11

关键：关注空格前后内容

空格后：some areas…because of unavailability but

other regins…insufficient support

F段第二句

解题关键：关注空格前后内容，本道题后面有But转折关系，其实是两个缺水类型的比较，找到后者在原文中的对应，即找到前者。F段中讨论了两种不同的缺水类型，一个是physical scarcity，另一个是economic

scarcity并解释后者不是因为缺少水资源而是缺少技术培训和政府支持等人为因素。另外空缺处前面seems系动词后面跟形容词，不需要进行词性转变

12

Rainfall

evaporation

G段第一句

Rainfall是ＧH两段的主要讨论对象，所以快速圈定大范围

扫读evaporation，对应G段第一句because

it evaporates 前面的结果是never available for capture or storage其中never

available for和空格后面can’t be achieved对应，另外空格处应为名词，词性不变

13

Some other parts

Used immediately

G段第二句

空格前面Some other parts表明讨论对象不变，依旧是rainfall，后面to irrigate the farmland对应原文G段第三句Farm

irrigation from…确定对应点为G段第二句，该句讲到另外一部分水进入河流，湖泊，湿地等，people can tap directly和题目中Used immediately对应

参考译文：淡水资源紧缺

A

在新德里和凤凰城，世界各地的决策者使出浑身解数致力于如何管理水资源。明智地使用这种权力将变得越来越重要，因为随着岁月的流逝，世界上的淡水需求目前在许多地方都是需求超过供给，并且这种情况没有显示出减弱的迹象。

B

尽管这个问题是众所周知的，但它同样令人不安：今天，每6个人中就有1个人，也就是说有超过一亿的人，遭受无法获得足够的安全淡水的问题。根据联合国公布的数据，到2025年，全球范围内超过一半的国家的淡水资源将会要么面对压力，例如，越来越多的人所需要的水比可安全使用的水要多，要么就是该国家安全的淡水资源直接短缺。到本世纪中叶，地球多达四分之三的人口能面临淡水稀缺。

C

科学家们对水资源短缺的预期变得越来越普遍，在很大程度上是因为世界人口正在上升，很多人都越来越富裕（从而扩大需求），因为全球气候变化加剧了干旱和减少了水资源的供应。此外，因为故障废物处置，工业污染物的释放，化肥的径流和因为地下水的枯竭使得沿海海水涌入到含水层等使得水源受到威胁。

D

由于水资源缺乏会导致饥饿，疾病，政治动荡和武装冲突，如果不能采取行动，会产生广泛和严重的后果。幸运的是，在很大程度上，需要保护现有水资源的技术和政策工具是已知的，并且其中几个似乎特别有效。现在需要的是行动。每一级的政府和当局必须制定和执行具体计划来保证政治，经济和技术等确保现在和未来几十年水资源安全的措施的实行。

E

全球水资源问题首先需要解决的是了解每个人需要的淡水量以及在世界不同地方阻碍淡水供应和增加淡水需求的因素。斯德哥尔摩国际水资源研究所的Malin Falkenmark等专家估计，平均而言，地球上的每个人至少需要1000立方米的水。每个人所需要的最基本的水包括饮用水，卫生用水和种植粮食用水。这个里相当于一个奥林匹克规模的游泳池所蓄水的五分之二。

F

大部分美洲和欧亚大陆北部享受丰宫的水供应。但是，一些地区的“物理”稀 缺性使得需求超过当地可提供的量，使得这些地区或多或少地受到水资源问题的困扰。其他地区，像非洲中部，印度次大陆和东南亚的部分地区，要应对“经济型”缺水，那里缺乏技术培训，政府不力或较弱的财政支持使得即使有足够的供应依然面临水资源短缺的问题。

G

超过一半落在上地上的冰雹从来都不可用于捕获成存储，因为它从地面蒸发，或从植物蒸发，这部分被称为绿水。其余的部分进入所谓的蓝水来源，像河流，湖泊，湿地和地下蓄水层，这些是人们可以轻轻松松使用到的水源。这些用于农田灌溉的自由流动的水是单个人使用淡水量中占最大比例的部分。城市和工业本身只消耗少量的淡水资泜，但它们所创造的的巨大的本地需求耗尽了周围可以用的水资源。

H

是有大量的水存在，但并不总是当需要110000立方千米的水时，每年有10倍于苏必利尔湖的雨水从填空降落在地球陆地表面。如果在人们需要的时候，雨水可以随时降落以满足人们的需求的话，那么其实整个的蓄水量还是足够大来应付的。但大部分的水不能被捕获（靠近顶端的)，其余的是不均匀分布（靠近底部的）。绿水（总降水量的61%*）：由土壤和植物吸收，然后重新释放到空气中，无法分离以供人使用。蓝水（总降水量的38.8%*）：在河流，湖泊，湿地和地下水可供提取，蒸发之前到达海洋。这些数字加起来可能因为四舍五入不到100%。只有1.5%的水可供人直接使用。

I

近年来的大型野火使得水资源大量消失。所有经济行为者已经采取了合理的份额，他们只进没有考虑自然环境的需求，当供应不足时，会因为干旱降低到临界值。墨累—达令流域委员会的成员现在疯狂地试图摆脱他们的分配不当的水资源总量导致的灾难性后果。鉴于理智地分摊在一个单一国家的供水都是非常困难的，可以想象如果在国际河流流域接壤的如黎巴嫩，叙利亚，以色列，巴勒斯坦地区和约旦，约旦河是共享的，但是是有限制的，在这样一个非常炎热的地区分配以满足供应的要求是有多么复杂，在该地区不断有民用和军用关于淡水的纠纷。只有持续不断的谈判和妥协，这一紧张局势才能在控制之下。

参考答案：

Version 20110 主题 淡水资源紧缺

1

FALSE

2

FALSE

3

TRUE

4

NOT

GIVEN

5

TRUE

6

F

7

I

8

D

9

H

10

E

11

physical

12

capture or shortage

13

blue-water