【SAT写作素材】人物经典事例：巴斯德

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Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the region of Jura,

France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known

as the "germ theory of disease", is one of the most important in medical

history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a

cornerstone of modern medicine.

Pasteur's phenomenal contributions to microbiology and medicine can be

summarized as follows. First, he championed changes in hospital practices to

minimize the spread of disease by microbes. Second, he discovered that weakened

forms of a microbe could be used as an immunization against more virulent forms

of the microbe. Third, Pasteur found that rabies was transmitted by agents so

small they could not be seen under a microscope, thus revealing the world of

viruses. As a result he developed techniques to vaccinate dogs against rabies,

and to treat humans bitten by rabid dogs. And fourth, Pasteur developed

"pasteurization", a process by which harmful microbes in perishable food

products are destroyed using heat, without destroying the food.

His Works

Each discovery in the body of Pasteur's work represents a link in an

uninterrupted chain, beginning with molecular asymmetry and ending with his

rabies prophylaxis, by way of his research in fermentation, silkworm, wine and

beer diseases, asepsis and vaccines.

From Crystallography to Molecular Asymmetry

In 1847 at the age of 26, Pasteur did his first work on molecular asymmetry,

bringing together the principles of crystallography, chemistry and optics. He

formulated a fundamental law: asymmetry differentiates the organic world from

the mineral world. In other words, asymmetric molecules are always the product

of life forces. His work became the basis of a new science

--stereochemistry.

Research on Fermentation and Spontaneous Generation

At the request of a distiller named Bigo from the north of France, Pasteur

began to examine why alcohol becomes contaminated with undesirable substances

during fermentation. He soon demonstrated that each sort of fermentation is

linked to the existence of a specific microorganism or ferment -- a living being

that one can study by cultivation in an appropriate, sterile medium. This

insight is the basis of microbiology.

Pasteur delivered the fatal blow to the doctrine of spontaneous generation,

the theory held for 20 centuries that life could arise spontaneously in organic

materials. He also developed a germ theory. At the same time, he discovered the

existence of life without oxygen:

"Fermentation is the consequence of life without air". The discovery of

anaerobic life paved the way for the study of germs that cause septicemia and

gangrene, among other infections. Thanks to Pasteur, it became possible to

devise techniques to kill microbes and to control contamination.

Technique of "Pasteurization"

Emperor Napoleon III asked Pasteur to investigate the diseases afflicting

wine which were causing considerable economic losses to the wine industry.

Pasteur went to a vineyard in Arbois in 1864 to study this problem. He

demonstrated that wine diseases are caused by microorganisms that can be killed

by heating the wine to 55deg.C for several minutes. Applied to beer and milk,

this process, called "pasteurization", soon came into use throughout the

world.

Research on Infectious Diseases Afflicting Man and Animal

In 1865, Pasteur began to study the silkworm diseases that were crippling the

silk industry in France. He discovered the infectious agents and revealed the

manner in which these agents are transmitted--by contagion and hereditary

principle -- and how to prevent them. Elaborating on his study of fermentation,

he could now confirm that each disease is caused by a specific microbe and that

these microbes are foreign elements. With this knowledge, Pasteur was able to

establish the basic rules of sterilization or asepsis. Preventing contagion and

infection, his method of sterilization revolutionized surgery and

obstetrics.

From 1877 to 1887, Pasteur employed these fundamentals of microbiology in the

battle against infectious diseases. He went on to discover three bacteria

responsible for human illnesses : staphylococcus, streptococcus and

pneumococcus.

Treatment and Prevention of Rabies

Louis Pasteur discovered the method for the attenuation of virulent

microorganisms that is the basis of vaccination. He developed vaccines against

chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas. After mastering his method of

vaccination, he applied this concept to rabies. On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested

his pioneering rabies treatment on man for the first time : the young Joseph

Meister was saved.

The Creation of the Pasteur Institute

On March 1, 1886, Pasteur presented the results of his rabies treatment to

the Academy of Sciences and called for the creation of a rabies vaccine center.

An extensive, international public drive for funds financed the construction of

the Pasteur Institute, a private, state-approved institute recognized by the

President of France, Jules Grévy, in 1887 and inaugurated by his successor Sadi

Carnot in 1888. In accordance with Pasteur's wishes, the Institute was founded

as a clinic for rabies treatment, a research center for infectious disease and a

teaching center.

The 66-year-old scientist went on to dedicate the last seven years of his

life to the Institute that still bears his name. During this period, Pasteur

also came to know the joys of fame and was honored throughout the world with

prestigious decorations.

His work was continued and amplified throughout the world by his disciples,

the Pasteuriens.

A Man of Freedom and Rigor

Pasteur's work is not simply the sum of his discoveries. It also represents

the revolution of scientific methodology. Pasteur superimposed two indisputable

rules of modern research: the freedom of creative imagination necessarily

subjected to rigorous experimentation. He would teach his disciples :

"Do not put forward anything that you cannot prove by experimentation"

Louis Pasteur was a humanist, always working towards the improvement of the

human condition. He was a free man who never hesitated to take issue with the

prevailing yet false ideas of his time.He ascribed particular importance to the

spread of knowledge and the applications of research.

In the scientist's lifetime, Pasteurien theory and method were put into use

well beyond the borders of France.

Fully aware of the international importance of his work, Pasteur's disciples

dispersed themselves wherever their assistance was needed. In 1891, the first

Foreign Institut Pasteur was founded in Saigon (today Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)

launching what was to become a vast international network of Instituts

Pasteur.

Because he changed the world forever, his homeland and the world have long

considered him a benefactor of humanity.